PRACTICAL 
PHONOGRAPHY 


PACKARD 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


8.o.  BAKER 

LAWYEfc 

DALLAS,  TEXAS 


A  REVISION  OF 
LESSONS  IN  MUNSON  PHONOGRAPHY 


L.  H.  PACKARD 


S.  S.  PACKARD,  PUBLISHER 

NEW  YORK 


COPYRIGHT.  1908,  BY 
PACKARD  COMMERCIAL,  SCHOOI,  COMPANY 


p 


PREFACE 

This  text-book  of  PRACTICAL  PHONOGRAPHY  is  a  revision 

and  amplification  of  the   "Lessons  in  Munson   Phonography," 

written  by  Mrs.  L.  H.  Packard  under  the  personal  supervision 

a,  of  Mr.  James  E.  Munson,  in  1886.     Since  then  a  number  of 

co  changes  have  been  made  in  the  system.    These  have  been  tested 

or  in  practical  teaching  and  reporting  by  the  teachers  of  the  Packard 

oa  School,  and  the  survival  of  the  fittest  is  embodied  in  this  little 
D 

book. 

^       The  especial  attention  of  the  teacher  and  the  pupil  is  directed 

to  to  the  logical  order  of  presenting  the  principles  of  the  system, 
z 

T»   and  the  variety  and  novelty  procured  by  the  introduction  of  sen- 
tence reading  and  writing  from  the  very  beginning. 

The  first  twenty-two  lessons  embody  the  principles  of  Munson 
{• 
P    Phonography  as  applied  to  the  sounds  and  syllables  of  words,  and 

the   remaining   lessons   the   application  of  these  principles  to 
phrasing. 

3 


452203 


4  PREFACE 

Beginning  with  Lesson  I  a  few  word  signs  and  contractions 
are  taken  up  in  every  lesson,  so  that  unconsciously  and  with  very 
little  labor  the  pupil  has  familiarized  himself  with  almost  all 
those  in  the  system  by  the  time  the  principles  are  thoroughly 
mastered. 

The  memorizing  of  the  other  lists  of  phrases  and  special  out- 
lines, following  the  lessons,  is  required  in  the  course  of  instruction 
in  the  Packard  School,  but  not  until  the  principles  are  thoroughly 
learned  and  some  original  writing  has  been  done,  thus  minimizing 
the  drudgery. 

All  rules  have  been  reduced  to  the  clearest  and  simplest  state- 
ment, and  every  principle  is  fully  illustrated  in  the  text,  a  feature 
which  makes  the  book  practically  a  self -instructor. 

The  keynote  of  the  book  is  simplicity  and  practicability. 


CONTENTS 

LESSONS  PAGE 

I-II  Phonographic  Alphabet — Consonants,  Vowels, 

and  Diphthongs — Rules  for  Writing  and  Read- 
ing Phonography — Length  of  Stems — Conson- 
ant and  Vowel  Positions— Punctuation  Marks ._  7 

III-IV  Joining  Consonant  Stems  and  Placing  Vowels 
between  them — The  Sound  of  N  when  followed 
by  K,  How  Written 18 

V-VI  Rules  for  Writing  SH,  L,  and  R  Upward  and 

Downward 23 

VII-VIII  Halving— Sounds  Added  by  Halving— Positions 
— Need  of  Angle  at  Junction — Occasional  Ex- 
ception to  Words  ending  in  ty — Nobody,  Any- 
body, and  Everybody  Abbreviated 30 

IX-X  Lengthening— Sounds  Added  by  Lengthening 

—Positions 37 

XI-XII  Circles  and  Loops— The  Sounds  they  Represent 
—When  Used— How  they  should  be  Written  — 
New  and  Now,  How  Written 42 

XIII-XIV        Brief  Signs  for  W,  Y,  H,  N,  "ing,"  and  "ings" 

-When  Used 52 

XV-XVI  Initial  Hooks— How  to  Write  them— N  Curl  be- 
fore a  Circle  on  r  side  of  Straight  Stems — 
Joining  of  Vowel  in  Old  and  Older _...  58 

XVII-XVIII   Special  Vocalization — Negatives  and  Positives 

Distinguished 67 

XIX-XX  Final  Hooks— How  to  Write  them— When  Two 
Distinct  n  Sounds  Occur,  How  to  Write  them 
— Cover,  How  Written— Contracted  Form  of 
Two  Words,  How  Written 74 

5 


6  CONTENTS 

LESSONS  PAGE 

XXI-XXII  Prefixes  and  Suffixes— How  to  Write  Words 
Beginning  with  Over,  Here,  and  Where — Abbre- 
viated Form  for  Company  in  a  Phrase — Abbre- 
viation of  Words  Ending  in  ntial-ly 88 

XXIII-            Phrasing — First  Class  ;  Joining  Words  without 
XXIV        Changing  their  Form — Position — Are  and  Were 
distinguished   in   Phrasing — That,   Time,  and 
Mr.,  How  Written — Two  or  Three,  How  Writ- 
ten         98 

XXV-  Phrasing  by  Halving  and  Lengthening — Omis- 

XXVI          sion  of  t  after  s — How  to  Write   Numerals, 

also  Large  Numbers 104 

XXVII-  Phrasing  by  Circles  and  Loops— How  to  Write 

XXVIII       Store  and  Stairs  in  a  Phrase — Us  to  be  Used  with 

caution  in  Phrasing — Write  Initials  in  Longhand      109 

XXIX-            Phrasing   by   Initial  Hooks — Abbreviation  of 
XXX  such  words  as  Linger,  Finger,  etc. 115 

XXXI-            Phrasing   by   Final    Hooks  and  Curls — Com- 
XXXII         pound  Hooks — How  to  Write  Once  and  Was  in 
Phrase — Purpose,  How  Written  when  combined 
with  For 120 

XXXIII-         Phrasing  by  Ticks,  Brief  Signs,  and  Fourth  Posi- 
XXXIV       tion— Of  (Rewritten  with  Halving  Principle.. .      128 

XXXV-  Word  Signs  and  Contractions— Words  Written 

XXXVI        Out  of  Position — "An  Inconsequent  History"- 

Key  to  "An  Inconsequent  History" 138 

Proper  Names 158 

Helpful  Phrases 159 

Legal  Words  and  Phrases 161 

Outlines  Distinguished 168 

States  and  Territories 1 186 

Cities  and  Towns 188 

Practice  Exercises  ..  193 


LESSON    I 
PHONOGRAPHIC  ALPHABET 

CONSONANT  STEMS 


Letter         Stem 

Name 

Example 

p 

pee 

sound  of  p 

in  pay 

B               \ 

bee 

"       b 

"  bay 

T                 1 

tee 

t 

"  to 

D                 I 

dee 

"       d 

"  do 

CH            / 

chay 

"       ch 

"  chain 

J                / 

jay 

J 
g 

"  jam    ( 
'  gem  \ 

T£                           

kay 

"       k 
c 

11  kin     / 
'  come  i 

G              — 

gay 

"       g 

"  go 

F 

ef 

f 
ph 

"  fine     / 
'  '  phase  \ 

V              V^ 

vee 

V 

"  vow 

TH             ( 

ith 

"       th 

"  thin 

DH             ( 

thee 

"       th 

"  them 

7 

8 

PHONOGRAPHY 

Letter 

Stem          Name 

Example 

S 

)                ess 

sound  of  s  in 

c  " 

SO         1 

ace     \ 

Z 

)                 zee 

"       z  " 

zone 

SH 

ish 

"      sh  " 

shy 

ZH 

J                zhee 

z  " 

azure 

If 

/->               em 

"       m" 

may 

N 

en 

11       n  " 

no 

NG 

^•^               ing 

"      ng" 

11       n  " 

sing  I 
bank  \ 

L 

tf~               lee 

1   " 

law 

R 

^              ree 

i  ,           « 

row 

R 

~^\               er 

"        r  " 

ear 

W 

"^                way 

w  " 

woe 

Y 

f            yay 

"      y  " 

you 

H 

/-^\               hay 

h  " 

hall 

1  There  are  twenty-four  different  consonant 
sounds  in  the  English  language  ;  these  are  represented 
by  light  and  shaded,  straight  and  curved  strokes  which 
are  called  consonant  stems.  The  straight  stems  are 
one-half  the  diameter,  and  the  curved  stems  one-quar- 
ter the  circumference,  of  the  circles  given  on  the  fol- 
lowing page. 


PHONOGRAPHIC   ALPHABET  9 

2     Diagram  showing  the  origin  of  the  consonant 
stems 


3  Write  the  horizontal  stems  from  left  to  right ; 
L  and  the  straight  stem  for  R,  upward  ;  all  the  other 
stems,  downward. 

R,  when  standing  alone,  to  distinguish  it  from 
CH,  is  written  at  an  angle  of  30  degrees  from  the  line: 
ree./?-.,  chay—/,. 

4  How  to  Learn  Consonants     Write  and  re-write 
accurately  each  stem  while  memorizing  the  alphabet ; 
thus,  from  the  beginning,  the  mind  and  fingers  are 
trained  to  work  together.    Bear  in  mind  that  these 
characters  represent  sounds,  not  letters. 

5  Length  of  Stems     Make  all  stems  uniform  in 
length,  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  long. 

VOWELS   AND   DIPHTHONGS 

6  There  are  sixteen  different  vowel  sounds  in  the 
English  language.    The  long  vowels  are  represented 
by  heavy  dots  and  dashes  ;  the  short  vowels,  by  light 
dots  and  dashes;  the  diphthongs,  by  two  dashes  joined. 

The  first  three  diphthongs  are  in  the  first  position ; 
the  last  is  in  the  third  position. 

NOTE.  Diphthongs  should  be  written  without  lifting  the 
pencil  from  the  paper ;  thus  for  I,  begin  the  stroke  in  the  di- 
rection of  P  stem,  and  finish  in  the  direction  of  R :  v 


10 


PHONOGRAPHY 

VOWELS 

a  in  ma 

a  in  paw 

a  in  at 

a  in  may  . 

o  in  no 

e  in  set  _ 

e  in  me 

o  in  do 

i  in  it 

o  in  on 


u  in  up 


DIPHTHONGS 

v|  i  in  pie    <  j  oi  in  boy     L;  ow  in  how       j  ew  in  pew 

7  Each  consonant  sound  has  an  exact  representa- 
tive ;  the  vowel  scale  however  is  not  perfect,  though 
sufficiently  so  for  practical  purposes. 

a    The  third  heavy  dot  represents  the  sound  of  e 
in  me,  and  of  ea  in  hear. 

b    The  first  light  dot  represents  the  sound  of  a  in 
at,  a  in  care,  ai  in  fair. 

c    The  second  light  dot  represents  the  sound  of  e 
in  met,  e  in  her,  i  in  sir. 

8  Vowels  and  Diphthongs  have  three  places:  (1) 
at  the  beginning;  (2)  at  the  middle;  and  (3)  at  the  end 
of  the  consonant  stem. 

The  numbers  of  the  vowel  places  are  counted  from 
the  beginning  point  of  writing  a  stem. 

VOWEL   PLACES 


As  the  stems--/L-.and-xr^are  written  upward,  the 


PHONOGRAPHIC    ALPHABET  11 

vowel  places  on  these  stems  are  read  from  the 
bottom  upward  ;  on  other  stems,  from  the  top  down- 
ward, or  from  left  to  right. 

HOW   TO   WRITE   PHONOGRAPHY 

9  Write  the  consonants  first.  A  vowel  preceding 
a  consonant  is  placed  to  the  left  of  an  upright  or  in- 
clined stem,  above  a  horizontal.  A  vowel  following  a 
consonant  is  placed  to  the  right  of  an  upright  or  in- 
clined stem,  below  a  horizontal.  Thus  : 


•1 

-) 

•/ 

r 

j» 

i 

. 

ate 

1- 

us 

V 

age 

ale 

aim 

oak 

egg 

day 

Poe 

lay 

so 

i  '" 
no 

may 

gay 

Note  exception  in  the  use  of  diphthong  "I".  This 
diphthong  is  written  first,  and  the  upright  or  inclined 
stem  is  joined  where  a  distinct  outline  is  formed  : 

1       y  *v 

.....eyed,  _____  ice,  _____  ire. 

10  All  dash  vowels  are  written  at  right  angles 
to  stems  and  at  a  little  distance  from  them.  Thus  : 


toe       Poe       foe        saw       so      ooze       on    \  shoe 

Diphthongs  are  always  written  as  given  in  the  al- 
phabet, regardless  of  the  slant  of  the  consonants  to 
which  they  are  placed.  Thus  : 

_\  _  r_^__  _  _  r  ...1....A......  - 

pie         tie        boy         toy         out         bow        cow 


12  PHONOGRAPHY 

11  When  R  represents  the  first  sound  in  a  won 
use  the  straight  sign  (ree),  which  is  always  written  u] 

ward  :  .</•_.  .ray,  .  />.  .row. 

When  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  R  is  preceded  I 
a  vowel,  use  the  curved  sign  (er),  which  is  always  wri 
ten  downward  :.-^.ore,-_-^_ear. 

12  Consonant  Positions      Consonant  stems  hai 
three  positions: 

First,  above  the  ruled  line  ;  the  upright  or  inclim 
stems  half  the  height  of  the  stem  T  above  the  line,  ar 
the  horizontal  stems  the  full  height  of  the  stem  T  abo-< 
the  line  : 


Second,  on  the  line  : 


Third,  the  upright  or  inclined  stems  half  wj 
through  the  line,  and  the  horizontal  stems  just  belo 
the  line  : 


13  The  position  of  the  stem  is  determined  by  tl 
place  of  the  vowel  or  diphthong.  In  words  having  tv 
or  more  vowel  sounds,  the  accented  vowel  governs  tl 
position  of  the  stem. 

FIRST   POSITION 


f  / 

.1  V 

pa       paw      at       ought      all       ally      on       t( 


PHONOGRAPHIC   ALPHABET  13 

SECOND   POSITION 

X-X~A....-L' T\.....^....^....JC\. 

pay      Poe      ope      Ada     oar       may      ray      low 

THIRD   POSITION 

.V......V...4_...^..._._......_...^.....:^ 

pea       pooh       to       fee       key       me       ill       era 

HOW   TO   READ   PHONOGRAPHY 

14  Where  upright  or  inclined  stems  occur,  read 

X. 
the  same  as  in  longhand,  from  left  to  right  :..„. ivy, 

--^v. obey,  __}_ .easy.     Where  ^horizontal  stems  occur, 

•  A  >^_-^/* 

read  from  above  downward  : Annie,  _^r>_ Amy. 

15  Where  two  concurrent  vowels  are  to  be  writ- 
ten to  one  consonant  stem,  write  them  at  different 
distances,  keeping  the  sound  of  the  vowel  that  is  heard 

nearer  to  the  consonant,  nearer  to  the  stem  :_>VA— payee, 
v  ••          XJLN 

_7J .  .iota,  _*j__  .Ohio. 

16  Translate  the  following : 

WORDS  OF  ONE  CONSONANT  AND  ONE  VOWEL  SOUND 

\      V  ^      \«  ^  /    / 

____  ..„  _.\  ....  ....       ^  ..„.  ..A.. 


14  PHONOGRAPHY 


-x       \       i* 

-\--J-- 


WORDS  OF  ONE  CONSONANT  AND  TWO  OR  MORE 
VOWEL  SOUNDS 


17     Memorize : 

DOT,  TICK  AND  BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  WORDS 

a..?—  ah_."_  awe./.  of../. 

an  )    •  0     )  T  x 

and)"  oh    [ -'-         wn°     \ 

owe  )                whom  j  "t~ 
the you 


18  A  period  is  represented  thus  x  or  >o ;  a  dash, 
thus=  ;  an  interrogation,  thus  /;  an  exclamation, 
thus  /  ;  a  hyphen,  thus  = ;  a  colon,  thus  x  ;  a  semi- 
colon, thus  ?  .  The  comma  is  not  usually  written. 

Proper  names  are  indicated  thus,  Ella..VC.,  Roy_5 


PHONOGRAPHIC  ALPHABET  15 

SENTENCES 

.    y     u     .,       .v  x*  .1 

^-     I      \       \-    •..  )      -•  . 


.....-.*.. 


' 


LESSON    II 

WRITING   EXERCISE 

19  In  writing  a  word  in  phonography,  first  deter- 
mine the  vowel  place,  then  write  the  consonant  stem 
in  the  corresponding  position. 

20  In  the  back  of  the  book  is  a  complete  list  of 
contractions  and  words  written  out  of  position,  ar- 
ranged alphabetically.    A  few  of  these  are  given  in 
this  and  the  following  lessons,  and  are  used  in  the  sen- 
tences.   The  list  thus  divided  is  more  easily  memorized. 

CONTRACTIONS 

can come.—,  could 

well.  /7.          will.  ^.  would .  :>v . 

WORDS  OF  ONE  CONSONANT  AND  ONE  VOWEL  SIGN 


Pa 

bee 

to 

toy 

die 

edge 

pay 

bow 

two 

out 

dye 

joy 

pea 

beau 

too 

day 

Dow 

Jew 

paw 

ebb 

ate 

doe 

dew 

coo 

Poe 

by 

eight 

dough 

due 

ache 

ape 

bye 

eat 

aid 

each 

eke 

up 

buy 

ought 

awed 

itch 

oak 

pie 

boy 

aught 

ode 

chew 

coy 

pew 

bow 

at 

add 

jay 

cow 

Bey 

tea 

it 

odd 

jaw 

gay 

be 

toe 

tie 

eyed 

age 

egg 

16 


PHONOGRAPHIC  ALPHABET 


17 


guy 

sea 

she 

in 

ore 

weigh 

fay 

saw 

ash 

on 

air 

we 

fee 

sew 

ma 

ale 

err 

woe 

foe 

so 

may 

ail 

ere 

woo 

oaf 

ice 

me 

eel 

ire 

yea 

fie 

sigh 

maw 

owl 

hour 

ye 

few 

soy 

my 

ell 

ray 

ha 

eve 

sue 

mow 

ill 

raw 

hay 

vie 

eyes 

mew 

aisle 

row 

hoe 

vow 

ooze 

know 

isle 

rue 

high 

view 

show 

aim 

lie 

rye 

how 

say 

shoe 

am 

lye 

.Roy 

hew 

see 

shy 

knee 

ear 

way 

Hugh 

WORDS  OF  ONE  CONSONANT  AND  TWO  OR  MORE 
VOWEL  SIGNS 


Icy 
essay 
easy 
aloe 


alley 
allay 
airy 
arrow 


Ella 
oily 
eighty 
ashy 


Ida 
boa 
iota   . 
avowee 


In  May  we  aim  to  be  each  day  on  the  bay  to  row. 
If  Roy  ought  to  pay  a  fee  to  Hugh,  you  ought  to  be 
the  payee.  We  saw  the  show  at  Kew,  and  the  coy  foe 
bow  to  the  Jew  in  the  aisle.  The  Bey  may  be  ill  on  the 
isle  all  day,  and  die  at  eve.  We  saw  Joe  aim  at  the 
owl  in  the  oak,  and  sigh  to  see  the  oak  so  high.  They 
say  they  saw  all  who  owed  me  and  all  who  know  you. 
Eva  and  Ella  say  they  will  come  to  see  you.  Can  you 
pay  me  in  May  all  you  owe  me  ?  How  well  I  could  see 
at  eight  to  aim  my  bow  and  arrow.  Ida  would  come 
to  sew  if  you  would. 


LESSON    III 

JOINING   CONSONANT  STEMS  AND  PLACING 
VOWELS  BETWEEN  THEM 

21  To  write  words  of  two  or  more  consonant 
stems,  it  is  necessary  to  learn  (1)  how  to  join  stems ; 
(2)  how  to  write  them  in  position  ;  (3)  how  to  place  the 
vowels. 

22  All  the  consonants  of  a  word  must  be  written 
before  any  vowel  (except  the  initial  diphthong  I),  and 
joined  without  stopping  the  movement  of  the  pen. 

23  A  shaded  and  a  light  stroke  with  no  angle  be- 
tween them  should  be  written  so  that  the  junction  is 
not  distinctly  marked ;  otherwise  a  stop  would  occur  at 
the  junction  that  would  retard  the  speed  : ^.  keg, 


.-I- -tidy,  --L.duty. 
>l. 


24     F-N,  F-NG,  V-N,  V-NG  must  have  an  angle 
between  them  ;  TH-NG  are  written  without  an  angle  : 

-.   ..vx__/  -------  V^.^  -----  \^/  — 


25     M-S  and  H-Z  are  joined  without   an  angle  ; 
M-Z  and  H-S  with  an  angle  : 


Q 


18 


JOINING  CONSONANT  STEMS 


19 


26  The  first  upright  or  inclined  stem  must  be 
written  in  the  position  corresponding  with  the  place  of 
the  accented  vowel. 

FIRST   POSITION 


SECOND    POSITION. 
THIRD    POSITION 

RULES   FOR   WRITING   VOWELS   BETWEEN   STEMS 

27  First-place  vowels  must  be  written  to  the  stem 

that   precedes   them  : pack, knock, 

X.  v  O  « 

.._._^_balm,-->>r7r--pike, mouth,..-)- boyish. 

28  Long  or  heavy  second-place  vowels  must  be 

written  to  the  stem  that  precedes  them :_  __xr^.came, 

A* 
_choke, .  VLrr^fame,  ..£ poke. 

29  Short  or  light  second-place  vowels  must  be 

written  to  the  stem  that  follows  them: —  keg, 

.  _— rTN-gum,  .TT7X.  .cup,  .-"S^—  .peck. 

30  Third-place  vowels  must  be  written  to  the 

stem    that    follows    them  i.-TTr^.-keep,..^ pick, 

..\^_.Tbook,— I duke. 


20  PHONOGRAPHY 

31  When  N  is  followed  by  K  it  has  the  sound  of 
NG  :  ____  _  ____  mk,.._T!777.-bank. 

32  Translate  words  and  sentences  : 


SENTENCES 


*Seepage  22. 


LESSON    IV 


WRITING  EXERCISE 

• 

33  Have  a  mental  picture  of  the  consonant  stems 
and  their  positions  before  writing  a  word,  then  write 
the  consonants  without  lifting  the  pencil,  and  place  the 
vowels  to  the  stems  as  instructed  in  the  preceding 
lesson.  Never  write  part  of  a  word  and  stop  to 
think,  before  completing  it,  what  the  remainder  of  the 
outline  should  be.  Think  first,  then  write.  Memorize 
the  contractions  before  writing  the  sentences. 

came 

cake 

kick 

meek 

ink 

pack 

pike 

poke 

peck 

peek 

pick 

cap 

cope 

coop 

cube 

cob 

gap 

21 


cape 

back 

cook 

chimney 

cup 

jam 

gang 

Geneva 

tub 

Madge 

diet 

Timothy 

keep 

much 

decay 

baggage 

bag 

chum 

cage 

cabbage 

bog 

fog 

dime 

package 

bake 

gage 

Puck 

dimity 

beck 

patch 

path 

fathom 

check 

chap 

bathe 

depth 

beg 

peach 

packing 

entomb 

big 

cheap 

talyng 

betake 

beak 

pitch 

tucking 

poetic 

cab 

chip 

becalm 

Jumbo 

Jack 

tip 

coffee 

backing 

jig 

type 

comedy 

making 

chime 

duty 

Kennedy 

matching 

chop 

tidy 

poem 

penny 

22  PHONOGRAPHY 

CONTRACTIONS 
f 

that.1         them._(.         with._(_ 
large____        where.-/T      were.^x        have...  Sr_ 

.        should.  ^L_ 


SENTENCES 

/  have  a  large  book  to  move  from  the  top  o/  a  high 
rack,  so  2/ow  may  come  and  aid  me.  7  may  keep  you 
busy  /or  an  hour.  How  much  money  shall  I  have  to 
pay  you  for  that  time  ?  Edith  and  her  chum  Ida  will 
carry  £/z.e  big  package  of  Java  coffee  in  a  cab  with  them, 
and  manage  to  take  it  to  the  cook  in  Albany.  They 
came  back  in  a  cab  with  us.  On  the  way  to  the  village, 
you  will  see  a  large  palm,  where  we  w'W  be  Monday. 


LESSON    V 

.  HOW  TO  WRITE  SH,  L,  AND  R 

34  For  convenience  in  giving  examples,  the  con- 
sonant stems  will  be  represented  hereafter  by  capital 
letters,  the  modifications  by  small  letters. 

35  The  proper  use  of  the  signs  for  SH,  L,  and  R, 
which  are  sometimes  written  upward,  sometimes  down- 
ward, is  somewhat  difficult  to  learn.    A  condensation  of 
the  rules  for  the  use  of  these  stems  is  here  given,  and 
hereafte'r  in  writing  lessons,  when  any  one  of  these 
stems  is  to  be  written  upward,  the  letter  or  letters  it 
represents  will  be  italicized.    Thus  may  be  acquired  by 
practice,  what  is  difficult  to  learn  theoretically. 

36  When  SH,  L,  or  R  is  the  last  consonant  stem 
of  a  word,  the  up-stroke  is  used  if  the  word  ends  with 
a  vowel  sound  ;  the  down-stroke  is  used  if  the  word 
does  not  end  with  a  vowel  sound: 

\s*  V/' 

A^.-bus/ty         _L!__de/ay  .  .ivory 

__  Ambush  V. peel  .JL"  .door 

s^  •• 

37  They  are  called  s/iee,  lee,  and  ree  when  the  up- 
stroke is  used;  ish,  el,  and  er,  when  the  down-stroke 
is  used. 

38  Between  stems,  they  may  be  written  either  up- 
ward or  downward,  the  direction  depending  upon  the 
ease  of  joining  and  the  clearness  of  the  outline. 

23 


24  PHONOGRAPHY 

The  preceding  are  the  only  rules  that  apply  to  all 
the  stems. 

39  SH  is  written  doivnward  when  it  is  the  only 

i  \/ 

consonant  stem  of  a  word  :  .^..she,  —  ^.  .show,  .r^..  shy, 
.r:  .  .ash,  .^t  .issue. 

40  SH  is  written  upward  after  F  and  V  :_V 


41     L  is  written  downward  :  (1)  when,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word,  it  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  and 

/^  /t 

followed  by  a  horizontal  stem  :-rrr:-alike,-:77^_alum  ; 


(2)  before  M-P  :.  \I7\Jamp, 

(3)  usually  after  a  half-length  or  double-length  N, 
which  will  be  illustrated  later. 

42  L  is  written  upward:  (1)  when  it  is  the  only 
consonant  stem  of  a  word  :  .(^--la.y,./c..eel  ; 

(2)  when  it  represents  the  first  sound  of  a  word,  un- 
less followed  by  M-P  :/*TT  _  Jake,/*!,..  Jame  ; 

(3)  before  a  down-stroke:.^/  Jatch,.Y^-_-apo/ogy. 

43  R  is  written  downward:   (1)  when  standing 
alone,  if  preceded,  or  both  preceded  and  followed,  by  a 

vowel  :.^..ear,  AjT  array  ; 

•i 

(2)  when  preceded  by  a  vowel  at  the  beginning  of  a 

•""X 

word,  unless  followed  by  CH,  J,  TH,  or  DH  :_-_V7r_ark, 
—\*i-.  airing,  !^Z.arch,  ../v 
^  (3)  before  M^.^-.-.-room,.-^.  _____  ream. 

~ 


HOW  TO  WRITE  SH,  L,  AND  R  25 

44  R  is  written  upward  :  (1)  when  it  is  the  only 
consonant  stem  and  is  not  preceded  by  a  vowel  : 
.  </£.  _  ray,  .  ^.  .  row. 

(2)  when  it  represents  the  first  sound  of  a  word,  ex- 

cept when  followed  by  M  :./'~...rake,...  ________  rank. 

(3)  when  it  is  followed  by  CH,  J,  TH,  DH,  T,  D,  F 


or  VijfT--.  march,  .^l  ._  .carriage,  _:  ____  „  .married, 
\»    A 

_____  -.party,  .^-.purify,  ^v^SL  purvey. 


45     Retain  the  primitive  outline  of  a  word  ending 

in  L  or  R,  when  writing  a  derivative  ending  in  "ing"; 

!<•  !<• 

thus  :--^  __  fail,  .A!  ____  f  ailing,.  .yrr.toil,  —A..  .toiling, 

f  C  ^/  VL>^ 

_  .  L  ____  fear,  _  A  .  _____  fearing,  .  .  _r\  .  .  fire,  T^v  ____  firing, 


except  where  a  straight  upright  stem  precedes  R  ,  in 
which  case  the  derivative  is  formed  by  changing  to  up- 


ward  R;   thus:  ..S.  .tear,  _________  tearing,  .h.tire, 

.VA-/ 

__  ......  tiring,  ..^..jeer,  ./^r^_.  jeering,  __-x-—  .  appear, 

;\-J^r?.  appealing. 


46     When  L  follows  L,  and  R  follows  R,  the  up- 
ward stems  are  used,  even  where  they  are  the  final 


sounds  in  a  word:./v.__.Lowefl,—  ^_ rare. 

47     When  the  stems  F-R,  or  V-R  are  followed  by 
K,  G,  M,  or  L,  use  the  downward  R,  unless  R  is  followed 


26  PHONOGRAPHY 

by  a  vowel  sound,  in  which  case  use  the  upward  R; 

thus:  _._^r>Y fork,  ___rr^.---farm, . -V^-v forego, 

X-,- , furlough,  3L*£7T.  -  virago.  ' 

sY\ 

Translate  the  following  words  and  sentences : 
._— _. 

:<"- 

t —      i       u_ 

.>.. 

CONTRACTIONS 

had-!-  did-l-  what-1.. 

which./--        ever__ Vw-         but-N..  ) 

these--)          gave give,  given. 

WORDS  OUT  OF  POSITION 
do__L 


HOW  TO  WRITE  SH,   L,   AND  R 


27 


SENTENCES 


'I/"  x 


-y-J-  L_4..).-.._       ..^.^... 

SM  ^  s^-s 


LESSON    VI 
WRITING  EXERCISE 


Fur 

fill 

lamp 

narrowing 

repel 

far 

foul 

fishing 

tear 

repair 

fair 

efope 

forego 

tearing 

apo/ogy 

bar 

jewel 

forum 

pour 

ambush 

berry 

showing 

fail 

pouring 

parade 

rub 

review 

failing 

bear 

parish 

?*eap 

wrath 

file 

bearing 

po/ar 

dull 

thorough 

filing 

lowly 

tailor 

/ash 

zero 

coil 

lilac 

tyranny 

Irish 

vowel 

coiling 

roar 

faflacy 

live 

wreath 

foil 

mirror 

cupofa, 

appall 

wreathe 

foiling 

po/ish 

guifty 

adore 

Jack 

fire 

forage 

illuminate 

pour 

like 

firing 

varied 

mulberry 

bore 

alike 

ferry 

remedy 

factory 

room 

alum 

ferrying 

remove 

repolish 

bell 

milk 

borrow 

parody 

sheepish 

bill 

rink 

borrowing 

alarm 

repartee 

vile 

/ink 

narrow 

novel 

territory 

The  monotony  of  life  may  be  varied  by  a  ride  in 
the  park,  and  to  the  dock  by  the  deep  sea.  Few  who 
know  how  to  make  money,  know  how  to  keep  it.  See 
my  Kitty.  She  ought  to  be  rich  and  ride  in  a  car- 
riage, and  have  a  red  rug  by  the  fire.  Mamma  gave 
Harry  a  book,  and  papa  gave  Mary  a  doll ;  but  to  me 

28 


HOW  TO  WRITE  SH,  L,   AND  R  29 

they  gave  nothing.  A  duty  may  also  be  a  joy  if  we  but 
make  it  so.  We  should  owe  no  money  to  the  poor ; 
we  should  borrow  no  money  of  the  rich.  Shall  Tim- 
othy make  an  apology  to  avenge  the  wrong  he  did  ? 
He  saw  the  deputy  talking  with  Eli  in  Geneva.  In  afl 
Gotham,  you  shall  see  that  time  and  money  may  both 
lead  to  infamy.  Agassiz  had  no  time  to  be  rich.  He 
did  ivhat  he  saw  should  make  him  appear  to  many  who 
had  no  power  to  fathom  the  depth  of  love  and  duty,  to 
lack  alike  a  love  of  fame  and  money.  Talking  so  much 
may  involve  making  an  apology.  Give  me  what  I  ask, 
and  I  leave  you  to  say  ivhat  you  like. 


LESSON    VII 

HALVING 

48  Writing  any  consonant  stem  half-length  adds 
t  or  d  to  it. 

49  When  halving  upright  or  inclined  stems,  bear 
in  mind  that  the  upper  half  is  cut  off,  thus  leaving  the 
positions  of  half-lengths  as  given  below. 

Horizontal  half-length  stems  are  written  in  the 
same  position  as  full  lengths  (par.  12). 


\     1 

FIRST   POSITION 

v        L 

SECOND   POSITION 

/       v.       )  .    u—  _/:.-..  =--_-../--^—  ^ 

THIRD    POSITION 

f 

50  L  alone  half-length  is  Lt,  not  Ld:_jT.late,  not 
laid,-/r.  let,  not  led. 

51  R  (ree)  alone  half-length  is  Rt,  not  Rd  :  *.  .  write, 
not  ride,  __.,.  root,  not  rude. 

52  W  alone  half-length  is  Wt,  not  Wd:_x.wet,  not 
wed,  .^_  .wight,  not  wide,  _v_  -weight,  not  wade. 

30 


HALVING  31 

53  A  half-length  and  a  full-length  or  two  half- 
lengths  cannot  be  joined  unless  there  be  an  angle  at  the 

junction  :_-..attacked,  _/nrrj._  Jooked. 

54  When  the  present  tense  of  a  regular  verb  ends 
with   a   full-length   stem,  the  past  tense  is  written 
by  making  the  last  stem  half-length:  ___  ^-^..comb, 

_  ^  combed,  -------  pack,  .  __h~_  .packed,  —  I--..—  doom, 

-1----  -doomed. 

55  When  the  present  tense  ends  with  a  half-length, 
the  past  tense  is  formed  by  writing  the  final  stem  full- 

length   and   adding   a  half-length  T  or  D  :__T_  _act, 

____  ..acted,  __\-pat,  _.  j..patted,  --^-.intend,  J^-rd-Jn- 
tended. 

56  All  words  ending  in  ted  or  ded  must  be  written 
with  a  half-length  T  or  D  :_^  ..fated,  .d'.matted, 
./•_  .jaded. 

57  When  the  sound  of  T  or  D  is  immediately  pre- 
ceded by  two  vowels,  the  stem  sign  must  be  used  : 

/A 

_X  -poet,  ^i.hriot,  \^-  period. 


58     When  a  vowel  sound  follows  T  or  D  at  the  end 
of  a  word,   the  stem  sign  must  be  used  :._\r-Pity, 

1 


.  _v!rd_  .undo,  -^rrl-  needy. 

An  exception  is  sometimes  made  to  this  rule  in  the 
case  of  words  ending  with  ty,  but  this  is  allowed  only  for 
the  sake  of  shortening  certain  outlines  :_:\..^-ability. 


32  PHONOGRAPHY 


59  A  half-length  T  or  D  should  be  detached  and 
written  closely  to  the  preceding  part  of  the  word,  when, 
if  joined,  there  would  be  no  angle  at  the  junction  : 

Jj!  .dated,  _I^|.  .waited,  .JlT.^!  ..inundated. 

60  In  some  cases  where  the  meaning  might  be 
doubtful,  the  stem  is  used  to  represent  D,  and  the 

halving,  T*     .feet,  _j^__food,  .  _  coat,  _ITLcode. 

61  Translate  words  and  sentences,  observing  the 
following 

ORDER  OF  READING 

1  Vowel  before  the  stem 

2  Stem 

3  Vowel  after  the  stem 

4  Halving 


HALVING 

Kate  Choate  and  Her  Cat 


33 


_Jl 

I"  >X>\N      =-O?<Sv 

r^Sr- " 


LESSON    VIII 


WRITING  EXERCISE 


ONE  STEM.   HALF-LENGTH 


kite 

taught 

jet 

shoot 

right 

ached 

dot 

bought 

east 

root 

cute 

cheat 

about 

iced 

lute 

get 

chewed 

shout 

met 

tide 

good 

jot 

night 

fight 

might 

TWO  STEMS, 

THE  SECOND 

HALF-LENGTH 

copied 

lived 

decked 

choked 

remote 

coiled 

tepid 

edict 

repeat 

wrecked 

combed 

tippet 

delight 

refute 

tucked 

ticket 

timed 

dilute 

rapid 

raked 

TWO  STEMS, 

THE  FIRST  HALF-LENGTH 

detach 

ftghtfy 

written 

fatafly 

knitting 

bad/y 

acting 

writing 

voting 

lately 

getting 

active 

rating 

motley 

lottery 

goodfy 

cutting 

bottom 

editor 

headache 

notify 

esteem 

fighting 

evading 

beautify 

letting 

ratify 

fatal 

ending 

mutely 

TWO  HALF-LENGTH 

STEMS 

cutset 

indicate 

modulate 

ultimate 

modified 

obdurate 

esteemed 

moderate 

abdicate 

medicate 

detect 

notified 

midnight 

eradicate 

estimate 

34 

HALVING 


35 


THREE  STEMS,   THE  FIRST  HALF-LENGTH 

actively  petrify  bedroom  modifying 


catalogue         bootjack 


madcap 


esteeming 


THREE  STEMS,   THE  SECOND  HALF-LENGTH 


captive 
capital 
capitally 


coveting 
pocketing 
de  lighting 


unending 

piloting 

politely 


inviting 
phonetic 
rapid /y 


THREE  STEMS,   THE  FIRST  AND  THIRD  HALF-LENGTH 

kidnapped        petrified  deducted         eradicated 

detected  intended  mutilated        indicated 

modu/ated        medicated         estimated        moderated 

WORDS  IN  WHICH  THE  HALVING  CANNOT  BE  USED 


piped  /iked 

poet  lied 

reared  aflowed 

/ocked  into 

/ooked  motto 


lad  read  Monday 

load  ride  married 

lady  rood  buHied 

ailed          rallied  bwied 

?-oad  de?"ide  guilty 

MISCELLANEOUS 


pate 

cheated 

ending 

vital 

copyright 

bait 

pity 

talked 

vitafly 

captivate 

bet 

pitied 

attached 

untaught 

timid/y 

remit 

undue 

adept 

dotage 

cutlery 

remitted 

indeed 

debate 

ignited 

?-ectify 

dot 

uncut 

dodged 

deluded 

fetlock 

dotted 

abrupt 

adult 

educate 

infidel 

doubt 

cadet 

di/ute 

educated 

inviting 

doubted 

docked 

chimed 

damaged 

refitting 

deed 

capped 

invite 

dilated 

unpu  rifled 

deeded 

packed 

title 

polluted 

agitated 

cheat 

timid 

medtey 

evolved 

manifold 

36  PHONOGRAPHY 

SENTENCES 

A  lot  o/badfy  taught,  untidy  folk,  not  knowing  how 
to  act,  loudly  knocked  at  the  door  of  a  cottage,  and 
asked  to  see  the  goodly  poet,  but  was  not  admitted. 
The  rioted  infidel  who  headed  the  mob,  put  a  foot  into 
the  bedroom,  and  got  bit  by  a  cat,  and  batted  on  the 
head  with  a  bootjack.  He  backed  out  with  a  bad  head- 
ache, but  ready  to  fight  if  attacked.  The  de/uded  poet 
avoided  fighting  the  madcap,  but  talked  of  inviting  him 
politely  to  be  educated  in  oratory.  Being  married  and 
an  adept  in  debate,  he  coveted  the  job  of  elevating  the 
untaught  fanatic  who  had  no  aptitude  in  reading,  and 
ended  the  cheat  with  undue  avidity  by  talking  him  to 
death.  Nobody*  pitied  him,  and  he  packed  an  antique 
bag  and  etoped. 

*Nobody,  anybody,  and  everybody  are  exceptions  to  par.  58,  and 
are  written  with  half-length  stems:— hrj^v.  _.,.„.___  k 


LESSON   IX 

LENGTHENING 

62  Writing  any  curved  stem  double-length  adds 
tr,  dr,  thr,  or  dhr,  to  it ;  hence  lengthening  may  repre- 
sent the  following  syllables :  ter,  der,  tar,  tor,  thur,  ther, 
tyr,  ture,  dor,  tire,  tre. 

63  Begin  to  write  every  double-length  stem  the 
same  distance  from  the  line  as  single-lengths,  with 
the  exception  of  the  first  position  down-stroke,  which, 
in  order  to  rest  on  the  line,  must  be  begun  half  the 
length  of  the  stem  T  higher  than  for  single-lengths; 
therefore, 

64  The  positions  for  down-strokes  are  : 

First  position :     Resting  on  the  line 
Second  position :  Equally  divided  by  the  line 
Third  position :   Three-fourths  below  the  line 

The  positions  for  up-strokes  are  : 

First  position :  One-half  the  height  of  the  stem 

T  above  the  line 

Second  position :  Resting  on  the  line 
Third  position :   Three-fourths  above  the  line 

37 


452^03 


PHONOGRAPHY 
ILLUSTRATION  OF  POSITIONS  OF  DOUBLE-LENGTHS 


_s  __  father,  .....y-  shudder,  ____  i  shoot- 
er,  .  {*  ____  lighter,  _u  ____  letter,  _/^_!  .Luther,  >_  .  .  .metre, 


65     Translate  words  and  sentences,  observing  the 
following 

ORDER  OF  READING 

1  Vowel  before  stem 

2  Stem 

3  Vowel  after  stem 

4  Halving  or  Lengthening 


LENGTHENING 
SENTENCES 


-....-S...       ../:._ 


-L- 


\    •  r 


LESSON    X 
WRITING   EXERCISE 

66  In  this  writing  lesson,  be  careful  to  observe 
the  rules  for  position,  and  to  make  double-lengths  fully 
twice  as  long  as  single-lengths  (it  is  better  to  make 
them  too  long  than  too  short). 

diameter  underjaw 

interval  underbid 

underlie  underfoot 

undergo  afterthought 

underpay  motherhood 

undertake  intermitted 

undertook  interrupt 

undertaking  interrupted 

underneath  alternate 

intervoJve  alternately 

interfere  a/ternating 

inter/ope  interviewed 

After  an  interview  with  an  orator  named  Under- 
wood, Arthur  undertook  to  see  the  father  and  mother 
of  Luther ;  but  they  would  not  be  interviewed,  so  in 
order  not  to  interrupt  them  or  interfere  with  what  they 
had  interdicted,  he  asked  them  to  write  a  tetter,  which 
after  an  interval  they  engaged  to  undertake.  Esther 
bought  a  China  aster  after  Easter,  and  put  it  in  the 


after 
fatter 
feather 
future 
fodder 
thither 
Esther 
oyster 
shudder 
shooter 
mitre 
metre 

matter 
mother 
mutter 
heather 
under 
neater 
neither 
latter 
tetter 
litter 
Luther 
after 

orator 
order 
waiter 
weather 
loitering 
interim 
metric 
orderly 
hitherto 
muttering 
entering 
invader 

40 


LENGTHENING 


41 


theatre  by  the  heater,  ivhcre  it  died  for  lack  of  water. 
The  /aughter  of  the  waiter  so  annoyed  the  hatter,  who 
was  no  fighter,  that  undertaking  to  eat  an  oyster  he 
was  choked,  which  made  the  invader  shudder. 


CONSONANT  POSITIONS 


Simple  Stems     Half-Lengths       Double-Lengths 


r     c 


_\-J*_-^. 


\     ^     — 


LESSON    XI 
CIRCLES   AND    LOOPS 

67  Every  word  in  the  language  can  be  represent- 
ed by  the  simple  consonant  stems  and  the  vowel  and 
diphthong  signs,  yet  the  outlines  would  often  be  awk- 
ward, long,  and  difficult.     In  this  lesson  we  have  short 
forms  for  s,  ss,  sz,  st,  z,  zz,  zs,  zd,  and  sir.    In  some 
cases,  however,  the  stem  signs  must  be  used. 

68  At  the  beginning  of  a  word,  a  small  circle  rep- 
resents the  sound  of  s.    Between  stems,  or  at  the  end 

of  a  word,  it  represents  s  or  z :..^~. safe,  ..I disc, 

_.^o.  face,.  .IT.  doze. 

69  A  circle  must  be  perfect  when  initial  or  final ; 
between  stems  it  need  not  be:..<4^-sang, _57?Lmass, 
.ITT.  .nicely. 

70  When  two  circles  are  written  to  one  straight 
stem,  be  careful  not  to  curve  the  stem  :..:V. space, 

Q D 

sacks, -_n.  ..seeks. 


71  A  large  circle  represents  ss,  zz,  sz,  or  zs  with 
the  vowel  occurring  between  them.  This  vowel  may 
be  written  within  the  circle,  but  unless  accented  it  need 

not  be  written  at  all  :  ..ND..  basis,  _.D.  dozes,  __D.  doses, 


.possess. 

42 


CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  43 

72  The  small  loop  (one-third  the  length  of  the 
stem)  represents  st  or  zd,  having  no  vowel  between 
them  :__5v    stoop,  .^  .must,  -/^-.amazed. 

73  The  large  loop  (two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
stem),  never  used  initially,   represents  sir,  with  the 

vowel  between  t  and  r. •..:?„ faster,  .-hl-duster,.:^., 
castor. 

74  Turning  a  small  circle  on  the  opposite  side  of  a 
large  circle,   or  large  or  small  loop,  adds  an  s  or  z 
sound,  which  is  the  final  sound  of  the  word : -/^..re- 
cesses, -1^.. masters,  .Na  _  boasts. 

75  Independent  loops  may  sometimes  be  used  be- 
tween stems  where  better  outlines  will.be  obtained ; 
thus  :._  \__ substitute,  -^-^v^  -mstinct,  —  ~— .extract. 

•)> 

76  Cross  the  stem  in  writing  a  circle,  but  not  in 


writing  a  loop,  between  stems  :-JrTT.-desk,.         . . mu- 
sic, -i cost/y.-.^.-.honest/y. 

77     The  stem  must  be  used 

(1)  for  z  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  :.X£.-  .zero ; 

(2)  for  s  or  z  when  it  is  the  first  consonant  of  a 

word  that  begins  with  a  vowel  t-rrr.  ask, 


(3)  for  s  or  z  when  it  is  the  last  consonant  of  a 
word  and  followed  by  a  vowel :._ \__pussy, 
___^.busy,  _.| ..dizzy; 


PHONOGRAPHY 


(4)  for  s  or  z  when  followed  by  two  concurrent 

y* 


vowels  :-<^,~  saying,  .Sri..  sighing  ; 

(5)  for  s  or  z  when  preceded  by  two  concurrent 
vowels,  if  there  be  only  one  other  conso- 

\  /*. 

nant  stem  :._  \  .pious,.  V.joyous. 

78     A  circle  or  loop  must  be  written 

(1)  on  the  right-hand  side  of  a  straight  down- 

stroke  :.  b*  _taste,  .  b'.days,  ___^__boys  ; 

(2)  on  the  upper  side  of  a  straight  horizontal  : 


,  _=-y-p_case,  ..lT.  stock,  _=^P_  cases; 

(3)  on  the  upper  or  left  side  of  an  upward  R  : 
_  Jv.  --  roses,.  ^£—  roast,—  <z^l.  story  ; 

(4)  on  the  concave  side  of  all  curved  stems  : 

-v__-_nice,  .amused,  A—loss,  .HD.faces, 

<^  > 

______  master  ; 

(5)  on  the  outer  side  of  the  angle  between  two 

i_  < 

straight  stemo:..c-77-task,  .-XD.  .possessed, 


b 


(6)  on  the  concave  side  of  the  curved  stem 
when  it  occurs  between  a  straight  and  a 

curved  stem  :_._^^_  passing,  _<j^.chosen, 


(7)  on  the  concave  side  of  the  first  curved 
stem,     when    between     curved     stems  : 


housing,  /^^>-  -  losing,  _     ^  .  facing. 


CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  45 

79     The  circles,  large  and  small,   and  the  small 

loop,  are  written  at  the  beginning,  in  the  middle,  and 

$C> 
at  the  end  of  stems  :__  '__seats,  _/v_  ____  rising,  _^^_stem, 

.  ^..justify,  _  5T?Lmast,  --A-?-  season,  _S(?-_  insist. 

The  large  loop  is  used  only  in  the  middle  and  at  the 


N 

end  of  stems:..-     s_.  Amsterdam,  __  ^.faster. 

80  The  possessive  case  and  the  regular  plural  of 
all  words,  including  contractions,  are  indicated  by  a 
final  circle  :_y._  who,  -  whose,  -~  --  give,  ._  ._  gives, 

_books. 


81  When  the  present  tense  of  a  word  ends  in  st, 
the  past  tense  is  written  by  changing  the  loop  to  a  cir- 
cle and  adding  half-length  T  or  D  (see  par.  56): 

--r7-  -  coast,  _  -~rf-  -  coasted,  __!  ____  hoist,  _  1  _  J*.  .  hoisted, 


82     Translate,  observing  the  following 

ORDER  OF  READING 

1  Initial  circle  or  loop 

2  Vowel  before  the  stem 

3  Stem 

4  Vowel  after  the  stem 

5  Halving  or  lengthening 

6  Final  circle  or  loop 


\ 


46 


PHONOGRAPHY 


?^k  :s>  ^4  rl-       TV,, 

~r  ^ 


as    /     °      possible  )     °      hear 


spoke       \         yet      )   /^_ 


speak..  ^_  your.^rr.       together.^- 


CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS 

The  Sick  Lion 


17 


-\L 


y.-"V\ 


_-L( 

<<^> 


LESSON  XII 
WRITING  EXERCISE 

WORDS  IN  WHICH  THE  STEM  MUST  BE  USED  FOR  S  OR  Z 

espy          assume      Jessie        mossy        sighing 
acid  estate        Macy         tipsy          rosy 

aspire        zebu          Lucy         juicy          essaying 


INITIAL  CIRCLE 

sip 

sorrow 

soothe 

steep 

scope 

some 

seek 

sieve 

s£ave 

saving 

soon 

sing 

such  . 

speck 

snake 

sash 

sifly 

sage 

spoil 

swim 

soil 

soap 

slowly 

ceiling 

steek 

sire 

south 

sitting 

skip 

skim 

FINAL  CIRCLE 

pace 

nose 

does 

rocks 

induce 

puss 

ax 

knees 

notice 

announce 

miss 

case 

copies 

reduce 

fox 

Jose 

keys 

fix 

Venice 

takes 

rose 

gaze 

knocks 

famous 

intense 

vase 

eggs 

makes 

paths 

remiss 

INITIAL  AND  FINAL  CIRCLE 

space 

seams 

cities 

spikes 

spheres 

sobs 

sex 

suppose 

snakes 

snubs 

soothes 

sZice 

steeps 

surveys 

smokes 

suffice 

sashes 

snaps 

savings 

sadness 

since 

stays 

surface 

slowness 

solace 

48 

CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS 


49 


MEDIAL  CIRCLE 


passage  losing 

passing  risk 

insane  gusto 

teasing  exit 


unsafe 
facing 
tusk 
chosen 

choosing 
raising 
decide 
missive 

rising 
missing 
docile 
fasten 

HALF-LENGTH  WITH  INITIAL  OR  FINAL  CIRCLE 


s/ight  seemed  sweet 

fights  sacked  signed 

fits  spite  sent 

cuts  nights  arts 

smite  gates  rats 


bites  heads 

sagged  waits 

sound  puts 

senate  boats 

heats  sift 


HALF-LENGTH,   INITIAL  AND  FINAL  CIRCLES 

skates        salts          sweets       scents        spites 
saints         spates         sifts  sounds       smites 

DOUBLE-LENGTH,  INITIAL  OR  FINAL  CIRCLE,  OR  BOTH 

cinders  centres  skaters  Arthur's 

saunters  senators  natures          mothers 

psalters  smothers         features         matters 


INITIAL  SMALL  LOOP 


stock 
stick 
stem 


cast 

coast 

gust 


taster 

toaster 

Lester 


steal 
styte 
star 


starry 

stiff 

state 


stage 

stab 

steep 


FINAL  SMALL  LOOP 

jest 
chest 
post 

nest 
must 
yeast 

used 
tost 
raised 

LARGE 

LOOP 

faster 
vaster 
pastor 

lustre 
castor 
nestor 

jester 
roster 
pester 

store 
steer 
sting 


waist 
haste 
amused 


minister 

sinister 

investor 


50 


PHONOGRAPHY 


LARGE  CIRCLE 

season 

poses 

tosses        excise 

choicest 

schism 

axes 

accuses      desist 

emphasize 

society 

kisses 

gazes         insist 

loses 

WORDS  ENDING 

WITH  LARGE  CIRCLE  OR 

LOOP, 

WITH  SMALL  CIRCLE  ADDED 

possesses 

posts 

mists 

posters 

abscesses 

dusts 

guests 

castors 

excesses 

coasts 

lists 

masters 

MEDIAL  LOOP 

justify 

vestry            district 

earnestly 

testify 

costly 

abstract 

majestic 

pastry 

disturb           honestly 

Amsterdam 

MISCELLANEOUS 

face 

feast 

boast         s/ighter 

roses 

safes 

feasted 

boasts        sake 

recesses 

staff 

deceased 

boaster      cases 

roast 

faced 

such 

taste          stake 

roasts 

faces 

stitch 

tasted        cased 

excessive 

foster 

chess 

signed        success 

incisive 

fosters 

Chester 

nights        costs 

lobster 

soft 

chests 

sender       coasters 

monster 

fates 

Chester's 

notes          mass 

Munson 

softer 

cheats 

enters        masses 

ministry 

steam 

bus 

notice         masts 

artistic 

steamed 

busses 

notices       master 

industry 

cask 

bust 

noticed       masters 

exercise 

mask 

busts 

slights        rose 

statistic 

CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  51 

Scott  and  Young  Steele 

Isaac  Scott,  who  stood  at  the  head  of  a  large  busi- 
ness, sat  in  his  office  beside  a  new*  a?*tistic  desk,  and 
opposite  him  sat  rosy-faced  young  SteeJe.  They  had 
studied  together  at  Oxfo?'d,  and  had  novvt  met  to  dis- 
cuss many  topics  of  business ;  also  society  and  state. 
They  desired  to  have  good  Jaws  instead  of  bad,  and 
after  much  debate  they  were  stifl  in  doubt  whether  they 
should  not  have  some  of  the  Jaw  Jess  feflows  arrested, 
since  they  would  not  resign,  yet  refused  to  do  ?ight. 
Here  they  were  interrupted  by  Miss  Scott  and  the 
Misses  SteeJe  entering. 

*New  is  always  written  with  the  last  half  of  the  diphthong   > 

joined  ;  thus  : 

•tNow  is  always  written  with  the  first  half  of  the  diphthong  u 
joined  ;  thus  : 


LESSON    XIII 

BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  W,  Y,  H,  N,    "ING" 
AND  "INGS" 

83  Brief  signs  are  used  in  the  place  of  conso- 
nant stems  when  the  stems  would  make  an  awkward, 
difficult,  or  indistinct  outline.    The  learner  is  liable  to 
fall  into  the  error  of  using  them  indiscriminately,  im- 
agining that  because  they  are  small  they  can  be  more 
quickly  made  than  the  stems. 

84  The  right  or  left  half  of  a  small  circle  repre- 
sents W,  the  preference  being  to  have  the  opening 
toward  the  right  ;  before  horizontal  stems  the  opening 

is  toward  the  left  :  .  \  —  waif,  ..1.  wed,  .  _  .'/.  .  wedge, 


unwashed,  _  j>=4^,.  wake. 

85  Occasionally  a  circle  may  be  written  within  a 
brief  W  to  obtain  a  clearer  outline  ;  thus  :._1.  .Swede. 

86  The  upper  or  lower  half  of  a  small  circle  rep- 
resents the  consonant  sound  of  Y:_s/rTT.yoke,.^s<—  -.. 
unyoke,..  .^--yieMmg,..^  .ye/low. 

87  The  sound  "u,"  when  a  distinct  syllable,  is  rep- 
resented by  brief  "y;"  thus:-."!  ____  Utica,.-  AT.  .eufogy, 

<—4'  L  _  :  r*  /. 

.     ....sinew. 


88     A  sign  for  N,  which  we  will  call  the  N  curl, 
representing  the  syllables  "en,"  "in,"  "un,"  is  used 

52, 


BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  W,  Y,  H,.  N,  "ING"  AND  "INGS"         53 

only  before  a  circle,  and  not  then  if  the  stem  can  be 


easily  joined  :.l:Wp^_^.  unceremonious,  ..^v,  .enslave, 
__rO_-unsuflied. 

89  A  vertical  line,  one-fourth  the  length  of  the 
stem  T,  called  a  tick,  represents  H,  and  is  used  before 
the  stems  M,  K,  and  Gi-trrv-hum,  _____  ,_hook,._y^-_hug, 


In  the  combination  wh,  h  is  always  sounded  first,  and 
should  therefore  be  written  first  :.  -L^_.  whet,  hy._  whip, 

y*  \ 

.  _  _  .  .white,  -Z>^  whether.  > 

90  A  dot  is  used  for  H  before  a  vowel  which  is 
followed  by  P  or  B,  and  sometimes  before  other  con- 
sonants when  the  outline  can  thereby  be  improved  : 

-_yS>-hope,  ___y__  hobby,  _.\^-heap,  .^V__behave. 

^  X- 

91  When  the  N  stem,  after  a  circle,  would  form 
an  awkward  or  difficult  outline,  the  N  may  be  repre- 
sented by  a  curl:./:?!  fesson,.^-ftsten,-_.^__Hudson'. 

92  A  dot  is  used  for  "ing"  after  a  half-length  T, 
D,  P,  B,  M,  H,  Y,  L  (downward),  and  in  all  cases  where 
the  stem  NG  cannot  easily  be  joined.    It  is  also  used 
after  a  contraction  :._\  -betting,       .bidding,  .^.hid- 
ing, .-'..-doubting,  ...'i-.speaking,  _____  giving. 

There  is  an  inclination  to  use  the  dot  in  other  cases, 
but  it  never  should  be  employed  when  the  stem  sign 
makes  a  good  junction. 


54  PHONOGRAPHY 

93  A  small  circle  is  used  to  represent  '  'ings' '  after 
a  half-length  T,  D,  P,  B,  M,  H,  Y,  L,  and  after  a  con- 
traction r.JlJi.mattingSj beatings,  __\^___  buildings, 


94  After  loops,    "ing"  may  be  represented  by 

a   final    curl ;    thus  :___ lasting, interesting, 

._' mastering. 

95  Be  careful  to  write  the  brief  signs  for  W,  Y, 
and  H  as  they  are  found  in  the  reading  lesson.    If  they 
are  made  too  large,  there  is  a  liability  of  mistaking 
them  for  half-lengths.    Keep  curls  on  the  side  opposite 
the  circle. 

96  After  half-length  W,  H,  M,  L,  and  frequently 
after    full-length    M,    upward  L  is  used:_^<7--Jit- 

tle,  _--7/T_hoteJ,  -, ._  .whittle,  _^7__.sma/l,  _^/TZ.  metal. 

Y 

Translate  the  following : 


BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  W,  Y,  H,  N,  "ING"  AND  "INGS"          55 

The  Peasant  and  the  Lawyer 


v 


\ 


_\.!..._): 


^Words  out  of  position  :_      send,- ' another. 


LESSON    XIV 

WRITING  EXERCISE 

wage  weaving  insulator  white  wash  hip 

waged  winked  insulated  whittle  hypothetic 

wages  wagged  unso/icited  white-tead  hypothesis 

witching  yeflowish  unsuflied  hack  matting 

witches  ye /lower  whet  hoax  patting 

wed  interesting  wheeze  switch  biting 

wedded  Utah  wheezes  swathe  betting 

wedding  Utica  whist  hapfy  boating 

wife  Eureka  whack  unhappy  putting 

wives  eulogy  wasting  hap  less  hating 

widow  yoke  wha/e  heap  heating 

wash  yokes  wha/er  heaped  hooting 

washed  'yoked  wheat  Wesson  yachting 

washing  ye/p  whig  hub  meetings 

waft  ye/ping  whim  hobby  beatings 

woof  unseat  whipped  hope  Hudson 

weave  enseam  whip/ash  hopes  sweep 

waving  insu/ate  whisk  hopeless  hamlet 

Gyp  and  His  Friend 

A  yeflow  dog  named  Gyp,  whose  master  made  a 
wedding  feast  for  his  son  who  had  come  with  his  lately 
wedded  wife  to  his  father's  house,  and  invited  many 
guests,  said  to  his  mate,  a  white  dog  named  Watch, 
"My  master  makes  a  feast  this  night,  and  I  wish  you 

56 


BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  W,  Y,  H,  N,  "ING"  AND  "INGS"          57 

to  come  early  and  enjoy  it,  as  my  guest."  Watch 
wagged  his  tail,  as  much  as  to  say  he  would  come,  and 
as  he  lay  winking  in  the  sun,  he  thought  of  all  the  nice 
tidbits  he  would  have,  until  he  had  in  his  thoughts 
tasted  a  feast,  fit  for  a  king,  and  listened  to  the  wed- 
ding toasts.  The  time  came  and  he  set  off  for  the 
house.  He  saw  afl  busy  making  ready  for  the  master's 
feast.  As  he  watched  the  cook  wash  and  boil  and 
roast  and  baste  the  meats,  he  said :  "How  happy  7am 
that  I  came.  /  do  not  get  such  happiness  as  this  many 
days  of  my  fife.  /  will  eat  enough  to  last  me  both 
this  day  and  tomorrow."  So  saying,  he  wagged  his 
tail  with  such  force  that  the  cook,  unhappily  for  him, 
noticed  his  antics,  and  taking  a  whip  which  she  kept 
for  such  purposes,  gave  him  a  beating,  which  sent  poor 
Watch  yelping  away,  with  not  a  taste  of  the  feast  he 
had  expected  so  much  to  enjoy.  He  fell  to  the  ea?th, 
and  as  he  walked  away  to  hide  his  shame,  he  met  some 
of  his  feflows,  who  asked  how  he  had  enjoyed  the  wed- 
ding feast.  "Why,"  said  he,  "I  was  so  well  feasted 
that  I  do  not  know  how  /  got  out  of  the  house." 

Uninvited  guests  seMom  have  the  happiness  of  meet- 
ing a  smifing  host. 


INITIAL  HOOKS 

97  An  initial  hook  is  written  at  the  beginning  of 
the  stem,  and  read  after  the  stem  and  the  vowel  which 
precedes  it.    There  are  four  initial  hooks.    They  rep- 
resent the  sounds  of  I,  r,  w,  and  y. 

98  As  the  y  hook  is  employed  in  phrase-writing 
only,  its  use  will  be  explained  hereafter. 

99  When  no  distinct  vowel  sound  occurs  between 
I,  r,  and  w  and  the  preceding  consonant,  a  hook  may 
be  used  instead  of  the  stem.    It  follows  that  a  hook  can 
never  represent  the  first  consonant  sound  of  any  word. 

100  The  I  and  r  hooks  are  written  on  all  stems. 

101  The  I  hook  is  small  on  straight  stems  and 
large  on  curved  stems.    Like  the  circle  for  s,  it  is  writ- 
ten on  the  right  side  of  straight  down-strokes,  on  the 
upper  side  of  straight  horizontals  and  ree,  and  on  the 
concave  side  of  all  curved  stems  : 


\ 

r 

2 

CLV 

a 

^x 

PI 

Tl 

Kl 

Gl 

Fl 

Nl 

Wl 

Hi 

102     The  r  hook  is  always  small.    It  is  written  on 
the  left  side  of  straight  down-strokes,  on  the  lower  side 

58 


INITIAL  HOOKS  59 

of  straight  horizontals  and  ree,  and  on  the  concave  side 
of  all  curved  stems  : 


Pr       Tr       Kr       Gr       Fr       Nr       Wr       RY 

103  The  w  hook  is  large,  and  is  written  on  straight 
stems  only.    It  is  written  on  the  same  side  as  the  / 
hook  :  o  p 

Pw       Tw       Kw       Gw 

104  An  initial  hook  is  read  immediately  after  the 

stem  upon  which  it  is  written:  ._  -.ply,  .    -  -fly,  —  J*-tray, 
pv  c_" 

.  vL.affray,  _____  twice,  _____  A.  .acquire. 

105  An  initial  hook  may  be  written  to  a  stem  which 

v 

is  preceded  by  another  stem  :_\__.  Bible,  Xv-PaPer> 

iv  >  \ 

_________  manner,  __^<i_.  final,  ______  ..  kingly,  j^TH\  re- 

quire. 

106  It  is  not  always  possible  to  make  a  hook  be- 
tween stems  perfect  and  at  the  same  time  make  it 
easily,  but  it  can  be  made  plain  enough  for  practical 
purposes,  and  should  always  be  written  in  such  a  way 

as  not  to  interfere  with  speed:  Nrrr^_baker,-/-^r_  .joker, 
.I.-.-  .  .  digger,  j^T_  _  /adle,  ...^h...  gavel,  .*.  ____  1  .  calmly. 

107  The  rules  for  writing  L,  R,  and  SH,  are  ob- 
served in  writing  hooked  stems,  except  in  the  case  of 
Rl,   which  is  generally  written  with  the  upward  sign 

for  R  :_    ____  fisher,  ....fis/zery,  _/  S--  official,  -.--._  _ 


officially,  ....'.  _______  gnarl,  _!_._  ____  gnarly. 


60  PHONOGRAPHY 

108  A  circle  may  be  written  to  a  hook,  and  is  al- 
ways read  before  the  stem  and  the  hook.    Loops  are 
never   written   within   hooks  :  .  _'l  _  .  _  settle,  .  _  ^_  _  .  civil, 
.A  ___  safer,  __<g^_.  sinner. 

109  Instead  of  writing  the  circle  in  the  r  hook  on 
straight  stems,  it  is  written  on  the  r  side  ;   the  large 
circle  and  small  loop  which  cannot  be  written  within  a 
hook  may  be  written  on  the  r  side  of  a  straight  stem. 
When  a  circle  is  thus  written,  it  indicates  that  an 

r  sound  immediately   follows   the   stem  :___r__  stray, 


.Q  ..sister,  _r_L  .stutter,  .4.  ..discreet. 


110  When  a  circle  and  r  occur  between  stems,  it 
is  often  more  convenient  to  write  the  hook  than  to  in- 
dicate it  by  writing  the  circle  on  the  r  side.  In  such 
cases  the  hook  is  always  used  :._ZZZ__!&_.expie88» 
extreme. 


111  The  N  curl  may  be  written  before  a  circle  on 

•the  r  side  of  a  straight  stem  :  _Lu.  .instruct.    ____  unscrew. 

i 

112  Generally  write  words  ending  in  tl  with  the 
halving  principle,  those  ending  in  dl  with  the  I  hook  : 

_^r/T7_meta/,  _^/T_.hotei,  _._::L_  .huddle,  __7::L  .cuddle, 
._„_!„  model, 

113  Translate,  observing  the  following 

ORDER  OF  READING 

1  Initial  circle  or  loop 

2  Vowel  before  the  stem 

3  Stem 

4  Initial  hook 


INITIAL  HOOKS 


61 


5  Vowel  after  the  stem 

6  Halving  or  lengthening 

7  Final  circle  or  loop 


fi2 


PHONOGRAPHY 


CONTRACTIONS 

worth.. (..  difficulty.^..  Mr.._    . 

when.7^.  thing ^^_  Mrs 

people.^..  belong.  _S_.  particular- 
impossible...^0  belonged..^..  particularly. .. 

brother  )  «\       hplono-ino-  ^.       believe 
number  \  —     belief 

WORDS  OUT  OF  POSITION 

over.. >r._  any 

A   Queer  Family 

.L'_I....V^.  o 

;.3 

i     •  'i'  .    V. 


LESSON  XVI 

WRITING  EXERCISE 
Be  careful  to  make  the  hooks  of  proper  size. 
ONE  STEM,   INITIAL  HOOK 


claw 
craw 
clue 
crew 
clad 
crate 
Troy 

TWO 

track 
clock 
click 

TWO 

cackle 
cookery 
couple 
caper 
camel 
gabble 
gable 
deeply 

outer 
odor 
apple 
apply 
upper 
prow 
prate 

STEMS,  THE 

pluck 
black 
quill 

STEMS,  THE 

double 
chiefly 
channel 
pickle 
powder 
busily 
shuffle 
shaker 

plate          ushered      awful 
bray           azure         afloat 
blight        threat        afraid 
bright        either        easily 
shrew         flow           oral 
only           free           error 
usher         float           quit 

FIRST  HAVING  INITIAL  HOOK 

query         flag            twitch 
tweak        twilight     freely 
twig           twill           flower 

SECOND  HAVING  INITIAL  HOOK 

noble         manner      rippled 
likely         bushel        fibeled 
focal           cheaper      regret 
libel           finer           ingrate 
animal       favor         migrate 
astray        cuddled      labored 
focker        fabled        teisure 
labor         replied       cackled 

63 

64  PHONOGRAPHY 

TWO  STEMS,   EACH  HAVING  AN  INITIAL  HOOK 


plural 

twirl 

quickly 

twitcher 

flicker 

floral 

quibble 

blackly 

fretful 

flavor 

playful 

honorable  truckle 

travel 

pleasure 

plainly 

trouble 

truckled 

glazier 

treasure 

queenly 

troubled 

twaddle 

glimmer 

drizzle 

ONE  STEM, 

INITIAL  CIRCLE  AND  HOOK 

cycle 

civil 

signer 

sever 

sibyl 

settle 

cypher 

sinner 

simmer 

sable 

sidle 

suffer 

soother 

squaw 

sooner 

ONE  STEM, 

CIRCLE  OR 

LOOP  ON  R 

SIDE 

spry 

supper 

screw 

stitcher 

sadder 

spray 

saber 

stouter 

stalker 

cider 

spree 

stray 

stupor 

stagger 

seeker 

separate 

straight 

stager 

suitor 

cedar 

TWO  STEMS,  THE  SECOND  HAVING  INITIAL  CIRCLE  AND  HOOK 

display       fastener     disable       visible        desperate 
peaceable  feasible      peacefully  descry        dispraise 

MISCELLANEOUS 


play 

straight 

trickle 

squib 

fresh 

pray 

strut 

struggle 

squabble 

fresher 

plate 

strike 

quake 

squeeze 

freshly 

prate 

striker 

quaker 

squeal 

braid 

splay 

black 

queer 

twice 

braiding 

spruce 

blacker 

queer  ly 

measure 

platings 

split 

blackest 

bequeath 

measured 

implacable 

sprite 

quick 

inquest 

gleaner 

inscrutable 

quite 

quicker 

twinkle 

glibly 

instructing 

tray 

quickest 

inquire 

glacial 

watchful 

trait 

trick 

require 

gloom 

wishfully 

twist 

stroke 

squire 

clamor 

bequest 

stream 

strict 

esquire 

clear 

bicycle 

INITIAL  HOOKS  65 

A  Queer  Family 

(CONCLUDED) 

Later  on  that  baby  grew  so  fast  that  he  was  sickly. 
He  was  so  plump  that  he  had  the  croup  every  week. 
But  Baby  was  a  source  of  pleasure  when  his  big 
brother  was  thought  of.  That  boy  was  a/ways  in  the 
way,  though  he  ivas  invariably  out  of  sound  and  reach 
when  he  was  needed.  He  was  not  bad,  but  somehow 
he  was  not  good,  either.  "His  stars  were  unpropi- 
tious"  (N-Pr-P-SHs),  his  brother  Abraham  said. 
"They  would  not  twinkle  for  him  worth  a  cent."  He 
would  play  exact/y  where  he  pleased,  and  when  he 
played  where  he  pleased,  he  got  into  trouble.  If  he 
played  by  the  dog  kennel,  the  dog  would  spring  out  and 
snarl  at  him.  If  he  played  in  the  stable,  it  was  certain 
to  be  at  the  precise  time  when  old*  Brownie  was  switch- 
ing insects  away  and  would  take  -Rob's  eye  for  a  fly. 
If  he  visited  the  cook,  he  displaced  the  saft  and  pepper, 
and  got  mustard  in  his  eyes. 

Abraham  was  a  queer  fellow,  too.  It  was  almost 
impossible  to  attract  his  notice  if  he  was  absorbed  in  a 
book.  A  Imost  everything  got  him  into  trouble.  If  he 
was  set  to  watch  the  baby,  the  poor  little  fellow  would 
put  paper  in  his  mouth,  or  climb  up  on  the  table. 
When  the  library  celling  was  being  frescoed,  he  climbed 
up  the  ladder  to  get  out  of  the  way,  and  crawled  up  on 
a  bracket  over  the  book-case.  The  laborers  moved  the 
book-case,  took  out  the  ladder,  and  when  finally  Abra- 
ham looked  up,  he  was  solitary  in  the  great  room, 
eight  feet  from  the  floor. 

*In  oJd_yT_,  and  older. JU,  the  vowel  is  joined  to  the  stem  to 
distinguish  them  from  /ate./?:.,  and  later./.*.- 


66  PHONOGRAPHY 

His  sister  Grace  was  a  queer  girl,  too.  She  was  as 
sour  as  if  she  had  lived  twelve  leagues  from  a  lump  of 
sugar.  She  was  as  cross  as  two  sticks.  But  it  was 
not  strange,  belonging  to  such  a  father  and  mother. 
She  was  the  most  unlucky  girl  in  her  class.  If  she 
skipped  rope,  it  invariably  tripped  her;  if  she  smefled 
a  particularly  pretty  flower,  it  was  certain  to  prick  her 
nose  and  make  her  cry.  Indeed,  it  would  require  a 
number  of  St.  Nicho/as  for  me  to  relate  afl  /zer  diffi- 
culties from  almost  any  Monday  to  the  next  Satu?*day 
night.  But  what  else  could  you  expect  of  a  girl  with 
such  a  father  and  mother  as  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clapp  ? 
What !  did  I  not  say  anything  about  them  ?  You 
must  be  satisfied  to  know  that  the  father  was  a  night 
editor ;  that  is,  he  wrote  every  night  for  a  newspaper 
that  had  to  be  sent  out  to  thousands  of  readers  at 
breakfast-time  next  day.  So  he  had  to  sZeep  afl  day, 
and  that  was  quite  enough  to  upset  any  house.  As  for 
the  mother,  she  belonged  to  a  first  family.  Well,  we 
afl  know  what  first  families  are.  Adam  belonged  to  a 
first  family.  So  did  Eve.  And  this  mother  was  so 
busy  belonging  to  a  .$rs£  family  that  it  is  not  strange 
that  everything  was  so  queer.  This  is  not  clear,  per- 
haps, but  it  is  a/1  the  ?*eason  I  have  to  give  just  at 
present. 

And  I  have  no  moral  to  give,  either:  Any  moral 
that  ivould  come  out  of  such  a  fami/y  would  not  be 
u'or^/i  having. 


LESSON    XVII 

SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION-NEGATIVES 

114  It  is  sometimes  best  to  express  I  or  r  by  a 
hook,  even  when  a  distinct  vowel  sound  intervenes  be- 
tween the  consonant  so  expressed  and  the  preceding 
consonant.    A  vowel  written  in  the  usual  way  cannot 
be  read  between  the  stem  and  the  hook,  but  must  be 
read  before  or  after  both.    When  the  vowel  is  to  be 
read  between  the  stem  and  the  hook,  it  must  have  a 
different  form  or  place. 

115  A  heavy  dot  vowel  to  be  read  between  the 
stem  and  the  hook  is  represented  by  a  small  circle 

written  before  the  stem : mar,  -<2^.  rail,  -^-o,-  near, 

.  f^L  .hard, .  .\T7_^ .  harder. 

116  A  light  dot  is  represented  by  a  small  circle 

after  the  stem :_ JL  .. .care, _^°?. .yell, hill,. J!__ tell, 

..K^-very. 

117  Dash  vowels,  light  or  heavy,  and  diphthongs, 
are  ^written  through  or  at  the  ends  of  the  stem : 

3    i.     i                                           vi    *<^  u- 
_.^:__shawl,_-crf\_more,  ._-xv..or_.__X-rule, hire, 

L^T^  ,         ,  ^  " 

howl,  -.      j_or_ .._,,. cure. 

118  When  a  distinct  vowel  sound  occurs  between  t 
and  r  represented  by  lengthening,  it  may  be  expressed 

67 


68  PHONOGRAPHY 

in  the  same  way  as  for  hooked  stems  :_^r^_  entire, 
-^-^-..^mature,  _ck^<^7nurture, _^_  immaterial. 

It  requires  some  thought  and  practice  to  determine 
when  to  use  the  hook  and  when  the  stem  sign  for  I  or 
r  if  a  vowel  intervenes  between  it  and  the  preceding 
consonant  stem.  Special  vocalization  is  used:  (1)  in 
many  common  words  of  one  syllable,  such  as  whole, 
rule,  till ;  (2)  to  avoid  awkward  and  difficult  outlines,  as 
in  course,  hire,  mar :  (3)  where  the  word  would  other- 
wise contain  a  large  number  of  stems ;  (4)  in  a  great 
many  words  where  the  intervening  vowel  is  not  the 
accented  one. 

Special  vocalization  is  used  principally  to  preserve 
the  syllabication  of  words. 

NEGATIVES 

119  When  a  negative  is  formed  by  doubling  the 
first  consonant  of  the  positive  and  prefixing  a  vowel, 
though  the  consonant  sound  be  not  doubled  but  rather 
prolonged,  both  consonants  are  written ;  otherwise  both 
positive  and  negative  would  have  the  same  consonant 
outline,  and  could  be  distinguished  only  by  the  first 
vowel  of  the  negative.  If  the  consonant  thus  doubled 
be  I  or  r,  the  second  I  or  r  is  expressed  by  a  hook.  The 
same  rule  applies  to  other  words  similarly  formed,  not 

negative  :___^ii*L  .numerable,  .^^r^r^:?^  .innumera- 
ble, ^y...  necessary,  ^^-J^unnecessary,  _/!—•_  legal, 
_/r?rrr.  .illegal,  _x^x  -  -  refutable,  -^>- .  irrefutable. 


SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION-NEGATIVES 

Translate  the  following  : 


69 


^    „ 

^,.?... 

\ 
<£I^-- 

<L__=4._..^_*. 

°^  QMV      °<=r'v 

.r^  r        \ 

"X- 

°<i~VN 

..X^...2.. 

r 

v^s     ~^- 

Q 
^\-- 

CONTRACTIONS 

think../-,    world.  .<^_.    collect.  c  ______    language 

never         )  v_^  principle  i  _<^ 

November  )  —  •s^--          principal  J 

themselves.  -D-  principally  _5\._ 

WORDS  OUT  OF  POSITION 

go."  other.  .C.          their  »£.. 


70  PHONOGRAPHY 

A  Journey  in  a  Horse-Car 


"•>  "~ 


~ 


7 


4    "I"  f     V?  ^ 

—  j-  -  r     -fc   v   (T^ 


LESSON    XVIII 
WRITING  EXERCISE 

ONE  STEM,   HOOK  AND  SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION 


call 

hire 

wile 

word 

child 

core 

mar 

ware 

hired 

curse 

cool 

mire 

knoll 

told 

course 

full 

wore 

?*eal 

railed 

nearest 

shell 

wire 

yore 

rolled 

murder 

hale 

wall 

guard 

ruled 

warder 

TWO  STEMS,   HOOK  AND  SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION 

George       courage      nervous      hardness    endure 


sharp 
north 
college 
colony 
journey 

TWO 

verbal 
vernal 
kernel 
normal 

cork 
/urch 
work 
verb 
nearness 

STEMS,   TWO 

portray 
journal 
barber 
marvel 

person        hard/y        empire 
harness      term          furthering 
careless     warm         carpej 
garden       dark           adverse 
heartache  ignore        afterward 

HOOKS,   SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION 

harper        mourner    vertebrate 
veritable     charger      sharper 
cheerful     partner      harbored 
partial        verger        purple 

LENGTHENING  WITH  SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION 

future  juncture  nature  entire 

71 


72 


PHONOGRAPHY 


WORDS  DISTINGUISHED  BY  REPEATING  THE  FIRST  CONSONANT 


movable 

illogical 

natural           ennoble 

immovable 

repressible 

unnatural       legible 

liberal 

irrepressible 

redeemable    i  /legible 

i  /liberal 

moral 

irredeemable  memorial 

logical 

immoral 

innate             immemorial 

MISCELLANEOUS 

mere 

car 

participate      scored 

merely 

card 

participating  scoring 

wire 

parsimony 

harm              scourge 

wail 

harming 

harm  /ess        scourger 

wailed 

relate 

harmful         real 

war 

relative 

harmony        ?*eally 

ward 

relatively 

telegram         reality 

warder 

relegate 

cooled            reparable 

wardrobe 

reliable 

school             irreparable 

wile 

scar 

schooled         inspire 

wild 

scarlet 

telescope        inspired 

wilder 

scarcely 

intercourse     inspiring 

wilderness 

horse 

nurture          inspirable 

assault 

horses 

further           mortal 

assaulter 

unhorsed 

shelter           immorta/ 

cheer 

harsMy 

hardware       mortality 

cheered 

hark 

curvature       immorta/ity 

cheering 

parley 

furthermore  reproachable 

cheerful 

partly 

schoolfe/low  irreproachable 

charm 

parlor 

schoolmaster  navigable 

charming 

impart 

score              unnavigable 

A  Journey  in  a  Horse-Car 

(CONCLUDED) 

In  no  other  vehicle  do  we  realize  how  very  queer 
people  are.  The  car  was  nearly  full.  No  car  is  ever 
entirely  full.  The  car  ivas  warm  and  dark,  but  it  is 


SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION-NEGATIVES  73 

unnecessary  to  speak  of  this.  /  was  irresistibly  ted 
to  study  the  various  placards  in  English  and  other 
languages.  They  related  principally  to  particular 
diseases  and  their  marvelous  cures.  There  was  a/so 
a  request  many  times  ?*epeated  that  each  person  as 
he  entered  the  car  should  put  the  exact  fare  in  the 
box.  This  placard  always  annoys  me  by  its  narrow- 
ness. Sometimes  /  do  not  feel  /ike  obeying  this  rule. 
Sometimes  /  would  like  to  put  in  more,  sometimes 
/ess.  But  no  allowance  is  made  for  my  generos- 
ity nor  my  parsimony.  /  hard/y  think  this  rule  is 
founded  on  ?*eal  justice.  Would  the  authorities  be  as 
anxious  to  seek  out  the  traveler  who  overpays  and  re- 
store the  excess  as  they  are  to  follow  him  when  he 
puts  in  too  little  1  And  there  is  a  suspicious  thing 
about  a  horse-car :  the  floor  is  sometimes  an  enormous 
grating,  and  straw  is  spread*  on  this,  so  that  if  a  nerv- 
ous person  is  obliged  to  pass  his  fare  to  others,  he  lets 
it  drop  in  the  straw  and  never  can  get  it.  /  marveled 
if  the  sweepings  of  the  horse-cars  go  to  the  hired 
drivers,  or  if  the  authorities  collect  them  merely  to  put 
them  in  the  nearest  poor-box.  This  car  was  not  unlike 
others  in  any  of  these  particulars.  The  inmates 
seemed  to  have  selected  themselves  with  regard  to  va- 
riety and  the  difficulty  of  fitting  themselves  and  their 
belongings  into  the  seats.  So  many  people  start  to 
travel  in  a  horse-car  as  if  they  expected  to  have  all  the 
room  to  themselves. 


"See  list  of  outlines  distinguished,  page  168. 


LESSON    XIX 
FINAL  HOOKS 

120  There  are  four  final  hooks  —  two  small  hooks 
representing  the  sounds  of  /  or  v  and  n  ;  two  large 
hooks  representing  the  sounds  shn  or  zhn  and  tr  or 
thr.    They  are  called  the  /,  n,  shun,  and  ter  hooks. 

121  The  /  or  v  hook  is  written  on  straight  stems 
only,  except  when  used  in  phrase  writing,  or  as  a  suf- 
fix.   It  is  then  written  on  both  straight  and  curved 
stems. 

122  The  /  or  v  hook  is  small  and  is  written  on  the 
right  side  of  down-strokes  and  on  the  upper  side  of 
horizontals  and  ree: 


Tf       TV       Kf       Kv       Rf       Rv 

123  The  n  hook,  always  small,  is  written  on  the 
left  side  of  down-strokes,  on  the  lower  side  of  horizon- 
tals and  ree,  and  on  the  concave  side  of  curved  stems: 


Tn       Kn       Ln       Mn       Nn       Rn 

74 


FINAL  HOOKS  75 

124  The  shun  hook,  always  large,  is  written  on  the 
right  side  of  down-strokes,  on  the  upper  side  of  hori- 
zontals and  ree,  and  on  the  concave  side  of  curved  stems : 

,      __L -a__J2 ^ <£____ 

Tshn      Kshn      Lshn      Mshn      #shn 

125  The  ter  hook  is  used  on  straight  stems  only. 
It  is  written  on  the  left  side  of  down-strokes  and  on 
the  lower  side  of  horizontals  and  ree: 


Ttr  Ktr  Rtr 

126  Unlike  initial  hooks,  final  hooks  are  read  after 
the  stem  to  which  they  are -added  and  the  vowels  be- 
longing to  it : . -X  .pave, .  JC .tough,  .^.rain,  ._v^__  ar- 
raign, _v^rf.  .nine, mission, .  _  _y_  _  daughter. 

'     >j 

127  A  final  hook  may  be  written  to  a  stem  which 
is  followed  by  another  stem.    Between  stems,  hooks 
cannot  always  be  perfectly  written,  but  they  may  be 
made  plain  enough  for  practical  purposes,  and  should 
always  be  written  in  such  a  way  as  not  to  interfere 

L  \  _ 

with  speed  :_rrrl_divine,--^<i--pining,___!:-rr.-gather- 

ing,  -f~^y.  .missionary,  __AL__  .bindery. 

128  The  shun  hook  may  represent  the  syllables 
tion,  don,  sian,  sion,  ands/mm: .^2 .nation,  —S^.-SUS- 

picion.  ./-rxHessian,  _.:?.  .fashion,  _i.__  .fusion. 

'    •»  XDS 


76  PHONOGRAPHY 

129  The  ter  hook  has  the  same  value  to  straight 
stems  as  lengthening  has  to  curved  stems,  except  that 
it  is  never  used  for  dr.    The  ter  hook  may  represent 

the  syllables  ter,  tor,  ture,  ther,  tre,  tar:,  .---tatter, 

__i>-_  abettor,  _______  creature,  ..x>  ..sceptre,  _r^._Tartar, 

_J7?_  .gather. 

130  A  small  circle  may  be  written  to  any  final 
hook,  and  is  read  after  the  hook  :__l~  .droves,  _S?__vines, 

.  (?..  .  Motions,  .  .  .  .  .tatters. 

131  Any  circle  or  loop  may  be  added  to  n  on 
straight  stems  by  simply  writing  it  on  the  n  side  of 

such   stems  :...</!--  chain,  .__</*__  chains,  ___f___  chanced, 
..Ab.-  punster. 

132  N  cannot  be  indicated  in  this  way  between 
stems,  as  in  the  case  of  r  (par.  109),  except  in  a  very 
few  cases,  of  which  dancing  and  prancing  are  exam- 
ples.   It  is  sometimes  omitted  altogether  when  it  oc- 
curs before  a  circle  that  is  followed  by  a  consonant 


stem  :  _  i^r?.  dancing,  _  _  hr^".  _  _  prancing,  _  _rr~  _  .  -  transmis- 

n-  c~^> 

sion,  _  dy~  -transpose. 

133  In  the  middle  of  a  word  where  it  would  be 
natural  to  use  the  hook  for  n,  and  the  stem  makes  an 
awkward  joining,  it  may  be  omitted  altogether.  It  is 

also  omitted  before   Jr  :_„  b*.  .danger,  __^L_  passenger, 

'l.  ' 

_^-_-_  identical,..^  .attainment. 


FINAL  HOOKS  77 

134     If  a  vowel  follows  /,  v,  or  n  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  the  stem  must  be  used  :.k=.  fun,. 


..<v5..men,  ^^^^..  many,..  ^..  win,.  ^\  _____  winnow, 

\  i 

.  .*Xi  .brave,  IVy.  _  _  .bravo. 

135  When  the  sound  of  shn  or  zhn  occurs  after  a 
circle  sound,  it  is  expressed  like  in,  en,  or  un  before 
a  circle  (par.88).  This  sign  is  called  the  shun  curl  A 

stem  may  follow  it  :__V-  .possession,  ..      _.  musician, 
o^o,  - 

-^-—  indecision,  _./____  sensational. 


136  A  circle  may  be  added  to  the  shun  curl  and  to 
a  loop  written  on  the  n  side  of  a  stem  :.  i    ..physi- 
cians, ...^.incisions,..  J^..  punsters. 

137  A  straight  stem  having  a  final  hook  is  length- 
ened to  add  tr  or  dr.    It  must  be  remembered  that  it 
is  only  when  a  straight  stem  has  a  final  hook,  and, 
therefore,  the  ter  hook  cannot  be  used,  that  lengthen- 


ing adds  tr  or  dr :..^... pointer,. ..L.tender,. '. 

^? 

?'after,  .^: render. 

138  When  the  present  tense  of  a  regular  verb  is 
written  with  a  hooked  stem  lengthened,  the  past  tense 
is  usually  written  with  two  half-lengths  :_7V  wonder, 

_:^-_- wondered, hinder........  hindered,. 

ponder,  _\  ..pondered. 


78  PHONOGRAPHY 

139  Occasionally  after  a  final  hook  a  stem  is  writ- 
ten upward.    This  is  allowed  only  when  a  down-stroke 

cannot  be  written  :..v=4b__affectionate,--./r_v_.elocu- 
tionist. 

140  Translate,  observing  the  following 

ORDER  OF  READING 

1  Initial  circle  or  loop 

2  Vowel  before  the  stem 

3  Stem 

4  Initial  hook 

5  Vowel  after  the  stem 

6  Final  hook 

7  Halving  or  lengthening 

8  Final  circle  or  loop 


"^i  V  *\» 

*Exceptions (par.  44-2) are:__y.retire,_7^__return,__iS.. retort, 


resume. 


FINAL  HOOKS 


79 


*When  two  distinct  n  sounds  occur,  write  the  first  with  a  hook, 

V 

the  second  with  a  stem.    Linen  is  an  exception  :_3Ss?l.  /^^-r?- 


fCcwer  alone  or  beginning  a  word  is  written  in  full ;  when  pre- 
ceded by  another  syllable  it  is  contracted. 


80 


PHONOGRAPHY 
CONTRACTIONS 


altogether 

astonishment-.?. 
before.^Sx. 

began 

begin 

begun.  rrr=>. 
between.J.. 

captain 

citizen..  .£_ 


develop... 
description 
differ-ence-ent-  _L . 

The  Queen's  Museum 


experience,  .ex.. - 
frequent      _ 
general...//.--. 

gentleman 

gentlemen.  J... 
govern.  rr=?_ 
indispensable.^ 

inscription 

intelligence.^. 
intelligent..^, 
movement..^-. 
opinion.  _\_. 


""(o".  ^.U>"""*  " 


..i._.j--.-ij-..^i * 


_.^o _^— ^. v     -J...L..1.A-.... _iycs£. 

<^—-  C  V»  T  T  ^-^ 


*See  page  149. 


FINAL  HOOKS 


81 


/ 


j 


_v 


^--x_-^^_-^----^^^--^--Sv_C^N^-_£-_i- 


«       o-x   "  P    " 


LESSON  XX 


WRITING  EXERCISE 


ONE  STEM  WITH  FINAL  HOOK 


buff 

addition 

urn 

ocean 

occasioned 

bun 

rather 

oration 

mine 

rent 

potion 

tuition 

fine 

amen 

chant 

batter 

John 

effusion 

notion 

patient 

tone 

caution 

van 

line 

gathered 

tatter 

bitter 

ovation 

elation 

assent 

chafe 

rove 

shun 

deft 

ancient 

join 

run 

shown 

dent 

arraigned 

ONE  STEM, 

FINAL  HOOK  AND  CIRCLE 

cuffs 

caters 

bitters 

hence 

mints 

vines 

chafes 

gathers 

thence 

finds 

moans 

wins 

foans 

omissions 

tends 

motions 

cautions 

aflusions 

tufts 

winds 

STRAIGHT  STEM  WITH  CIRCLE 

OR  LOOP  ON 

N  SIDE 

pence 

bounced 

joins 

rinses 

bends 

bounce 

guns 

reigns 

rinsed 

tents 

tunes 

chains 

runs 

Kansas 

kinds 

coins 

duns 

rinse 

chants 

rends 

82 

counter      tinder        render       slander      asunder 
chanter      bender       hunter       cylinder     yonder 
gender       panther      founder      surrender  tender 


decision          physician"       incision          supposition 
opposition      succession      procession      acquisition 

ONE  STEM  WITH  INITIAL  AND  FINAL  HOOK 

drive  prone         collision  queen  aversion 

drone  oppression  relief  equation  drift 

duration  platter       shrine  equator  quaint 

brighter  crave         relation  frown  mourned 

prove  clean          quaff  flown  throned 

TWO  STEMS,  THE  FIRST  HAVING  FINAL  HOOK 

opening  paving  vanish  banish  auctioneer 

tuning  punning  evening  finish  missionary 

diving  cover  punish  visionary  optional 

dining  define  puffing  caterer  notional 

TWO  STEMS,  THE  FIRST  HAVING  INITIAL  AND  FINAL  HOOK 

proving      frowning   clattering  teaming     telephone 
driving       braving      grafting     warning     planting 
planning    training     twining      furnis/z-      quaintness 

TWO  STEMS,  THE  SECOND  HAVING  FINAL  HOOK 

renown  education  kitchen  adoration  indicator 

obtain  educator    gammon  turn  indication 

attention  refine         elector  barter        violation 

ambition  repine        election  picture       viotent 


64  PHONOGRAPHY 

TWO  STEMS,  THE  SECOND  HAVING  INITIAL  AND  FINAL  HOOK 

reprove          chaplain         deprive          incline 
outgrown       Dublin  enshrine         uncrown 

decline  dethrone        engrave         recline 

TWO  STEMS,    THE   FIRST  WITH   INITIAL   HOOK.   THE   SECOND 
WITH  FINAL.  HOOK 

I 

pertain  obligation  Brighton  protection 

Sherman  Vernon  treatment  protector 

chairman  character  freeman  collection 

German  quicken  application  collector 

curtain  Norman  attraction  correction 

WORDS  IN  WHICH  THE  HOOK  CANNOT  BE  USED  FOR  F  OR  N 

edify  avenue  alimony  refute 

money  China  Illinois  matrimony 

puny  tawny  skinny  Tammany 

crony  ninny  finny  nominee 

WORDS  FROM  WHICH  N  MAY  BE  OMITTED 


messenger 
endanger 
transgress 
entertainment 

spendthrift 
husbandman 
attainment 
transfer 

assignment 
adjournment 
transpire 
transmission 

MISCELLANEOUS 


rove 

rough 

rain 

earn 

even 

sheen 


aflusion 

tinder 

iron 

better 

tatter 

ironed 

suffusion 

tattered 

ironing 

paves 

again 

irony 

patience 

against 

men 

patters 

pent 

many 

FINAL  HOOKS 

85 

MISCELLANEOUS 

yon 

Joans 

penny 

mend 

sudden 

Motions 

ponder 

mending 

suflen 

accession 

ponders 

mender 

surf 

tuft 

ponderous 

count 

starve 

tufts 

pondering 

counts 

addition 

tints 

pondered 

counter 

counters 

plants 

depending 

amendment 

countermand 

planted 

tendency 

insolently 

plunder 

planter 

attentively 

unacquainted 

plunders 

planters 

rebounding 

entertaining 

plundering 

pony 

reminder 

inclination 

plundered 

cough 

squander 

unintentional 

play 

coffee 

squandering 

international 

splay 

Jane 

squandered 

recession 

pray 

Jenny 

depraving 

recessional 

spray 

win 

improving 

transgressions 

spleen 

winnow 

stenographic 

transpositions 

sprain 

stone 

imperfect 

supplants 

sprains 

stony 

rejoinder 

merchant 

plant 

country 

permanent 

affronting 

The  Queen's  Museum 

(CONCLUDED) 

The  stranger  meeting  many  instances  of  the  same 
character,  was  deeply  grieved,  and  made  a  resolution 
to  see  the  Queen.  So  he  wandered  toward  the  palace. 
He  met  the  Queen,  who  was  just  starting  on  her  morn- 
ing visit  to  the  museum.  When  he  made  known  his 
wish  for  an  audience,  she  stopped  and  spoke  to  him. 


86  PHONOGRAPHY 

"Have  you  seen  my  museum?"  said  she.  "Go 
there  before  seeing  anything  else.  You  have  an  intel- 
ligent expression,  and  I  want  to  see  what  impression 
my  fine  collection  has  upon  a  person  of  intelligence." 

1 '  I  come  to  crave  permission  to  make  additions  to 
it,"  said  the  stranger. 

"My  people  should  have  the  keenest  interest  in  the 
museum  as  it  is,"  rejoined  the  Queen  ;  "but  I  am  per- 
fectZy  willing  to  add  anything  to  render  it  of  greater 
value.  How  soon  can  you  return  ? ' ' 

"It  will  require  ten  days,"  said  the  stranger. 

The  musician  filled  a  linen  bag  with  provisions  and 
went  out  of  the  gates.  About  noon  he  came  to  a 
shady  mountain.  At  the  entrance  to  a  cave  upon  the 
mountain  side  he  saw  a  hermit  to  whom  he  told  his  er- 
rand. When  he  had  fiinis/ied,  the  hermit  said : 

"Experience  tells  me  that  people  are  altogether  too 
independent  to  be  interested  in  anything.  On  this 
mountain  are  fine  caves  which  would  all  be  tenanted  if 
mankind  would  understand  how  improving  it  is  to  live 
alone.  But  I  will  aid  in  your  quest.  I  will  excuse  my 
pupil,  who  is  fonder  of  wandering  about  than  of  study, 
and  he  can  join  in  your  search." 

The  pupil's  cave  was  some  distance  up  the  mountain 
side.  The  stranger  found  him  asleep  upon  the  ground. 
When  he  was  awakened  and  told  of  the  hermit's  per- 
mission, his  eyes  brightened. 

'  'It  is  splendid, ' '  said  he, '  'to  be  let  off  on  Monday.  I 
have  only  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays.  I  stick  closely 
to  the  cave,  though  I  have  been  known  to  go  fishing 
when  there  was  no  holiday.  I  never  saw  the  oM  man 


FINAL  HOOKS  87 

but  once.    That  was  when  he  first  began  my  instruc- 
tion/' 

He  opened  his  book  and  £aid  it  on  a  stone  which 
served  as  a  table,  put  a  fishing  line  into  his  pocket, 
then  the  two  started  off.  Before  noon  they  saw  a 
mountain  stream,  and  the  pupil  insisted  on  trying  his 
luck.  He  ran  off  for  bait,  while  the  musician  sat  down 
to  rest  and  dine.  He  had  not  finis/ied  his  meal  before 
the  pupil  returned  in  a  state  of  great  excitement. 

' '  Come  with  me, ' '  he  cried.  ' '  I  have  found  some- 
thing wonderful ! ' ' 

The  stranger,  anxious  to  see  the  wonder,  followed 
along  a  winding  underground  passage  to  a  spacious 
cavern  lighted  by  openings  in  the  roof.  It  was  a  rob- 
bers' den.  On  the  floor  were  iron  boxes,  bundles  of 
rich  siflcs,  handsome  caskets  and  many  other  articles 
of  value. 

"I  don't*  believe  they  will  be  back  very  soon,"  said 
the  pupil.  "We  ought  to  stop  and  took  at  these 
things." 

'  'Run  away,  foo/ish  boy, ' '  said  the  stranger.  ' "The 
dangers  of  this  place  are  unknown  to  you." 

They  turned  to  escape,  but  it  was  too  fate.  At  that 
moment  the  captain  and  his  band  entered,  and  sur- 
rounding them,  demanded  that  they  surrender. 

"The  contracted  form  of  two  words  is  indicated  by  placing  an 
apostrophe  under  the  outline  :  .  Jr_  don't. 


PREFIXES 

141  About  five  thousand  English  words  have  com, 
con,  cum,  or  cog  either  as  a  first  or  intermediate  syl- 
lable.   As  each  of  them,  with  the  exception  of  con, 
would  require  two  stems,  an  abbreviated  form  is  desir- 
able. 

142  The  abbreviated  prefixes  are  as  follows  : 

(1)  Com,  con,  and  cum  are  indicated  by  proximi- 
ty; that  is,  by  omitting  the  syllable  and 
writing  the  part  of  the  word  that  follows 
very  near  the  word  or  syllable  that  precedes 
it. 

(2)  When  they  cannot  be  thus  indicated  (because 
of  being  the  first  word  of  a  line  or  coming 
after  a  pause  of  any  kind),  a  dot  is  written 
near  the  beginning  of  the  first  stem.   The  use 

t 
of  proximity  or  dot  is  optional  :___:if?—  con- 


traction,  ____  -A^-  uncomplaining,  __?::•  ____  un- 
conscious, __^C__cumbrous/y,  __„_  Jr.—  writ- 
ten contract. 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  89 

(3)  Cog,  as  an  initial  syllable,  is  always  written 
in  full ;  as  an  intermediate  syllable,  it  may  be 
indicated,  like  com,  con,  cum,  by  proximity  : 
I TL  cognate,  _^V^  .recognize. 

(4)  In  words  beginning  with  circum,  the  syllable 
cum  need  not,  in  most  cases,  be  even  indica- 
ted, the  parts  before  and  after  it  being  joined: 

_^y^T7T5L--  circum  locution,  _oX;^r^__D.  cir- 
cumnavigation. 

(5)  Occasionally  the  parts  before  and  after  com, 
con,  and  cum  are  joined:  . _^ _. inconsistent, 

P.  .inconsistency, jj.  .accommodation. 


(6)  The  prefixes  magna,  magne,  magni  are  rep- 
resented by  the  stem  M.    The  remainder 
of  the  outline  is  written  under  and  near : 

i: .  .magnesia, , ...  .magnitude, . .  _  Si . 

magnify. 

(7)  Self  by  a  small  circle,  always  on  the  line  and 
usually  disjoined  from  the  remainder  of  the 

outline  :_.oJkL5_- self -defense,..  B-^  ..self-evi- 
dent. 

(8)  Un  is  prefixed  to  self  by  the  N  curl: y__ 

unselfish. 

(9)  Self-con  is  represented  by  a  circle  and  dot : 
-Q.Sj;  ..self-confidence,  —afL.self-conceit. 


90 


PHONOGRAPHY 

(10)  With  by  the  contraction  (DH)  for  that  word 
joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word  :.-l7-_- 

( 

withdraw,  _O___  withstanding. 

(11)  For  by  the  contraction  (F)  joined,  or  disjoin- 
ed :  _  -L  ____  forbid,  _^r..f  orget,  .£7]  .  forgotten. 


(12)  When  a  contraction,  as  in  the  case  of  for 
and  with,  is  used  as  a  prefix  or  suffix,  the 
position  of  the  outline  of  which  it  is  a  part  is 
that  of  the  word  taken  as  a  whole,  not  that 
of  the  contraction  when  standing  alone. 
(Words  beginning  with  here,  over,  and  where 
are  exceptions  to  this  rule.) 
Words  beginning  with  over  are  usually  first 

position,   here  third  position,   where  second 

fr 
position  :___.-h\^__  _  overpay,  ...-^ hereby, 

.  —A herewith,  _ ./??__  whereabouts. 

SUFFIXES 

143     The  abbreviated  suffixes  are  as  follows  : 

(1)  Ble,  bly  are  represented  by  the  stem  B  when 
Bl  cannot  conveniently  be  joined  :_S-\_. fash- 
ionable, __\__  .profitably. 

(2)  Blenessky  Bs  disjoined  :__f.\_. suitableness, 

4>l   ^> 
justifiableness. 

•   x 

(3)  Fulness  by  Fs   disjoined  :__4^  .artfulness, 

.__L-_.gleefulness. 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  91 

•ra 

(4)  Iveness  by  Vs  disjoined  :._._^L_massiveness, 

.  -=-  -  -  secreti  veness. 


/ 

(5)  Lessness  by  Ls  disjoined  :...'_'_  ____  guile/ess- 

ness,  -_^^r?.-.heed/essness. 

(6)  Ever  by  the  v  hook  on  both  straight  and 
curved  stems.     (Whatever  and  forever  are 
always  written  with  the  V  stem.)     The  v 
hook  on  curved  stems  is  large  like  the  shun 

hook  :  _  ^..  .  wherever,  .  .^^.  .however,  .  _  J  ____ 
whatever,  _Ss,_  ____  forever. 

(7)  Form  by  FM  joined  :._Sri>eform,ju  ____  per- 
form,^s-^>  information. 

(8)  Mental,  Mentality,  by  Mnt  disjoined.     All 
words  ending  in  mental  are  second  position; 

ending  in  mentality,  first  position  :__U>__in- 

Q/ 

strumental,  _Jr?_.  instrumentality,  -L._detri- 
mental.  r» 

(9)  Ofofifi/  by  J  joined  or  disjoined.    All  words 
ending  in  otogfi/  are  first  position:  __y?_  .the- 
ology, ._  Jrrr/__.  archaeology. 

(10)  Selfby  a  small  circle  joined,  or  written  in  full: 
..^.-thyself,  ...J^\_._  itseZf,  -T^TX.  _.herse/f. 

(11)  Selves  by  a  large  circle  joined  :_AI__  them- 

p 
selves,  _.<:__  .ourselves. 


92  PHONOGRAPHY 

(12)  Ship  by  SH  joined  or  disjoined :.  .Jt ._  heirship, 

JL. 
..township. 

(13)  Soever    by    sV    joined: ^..howsoever, 

whosoever. 

(14)  Worthy  by  the  brief  w  and  DH  joined : 

,  -  -  praiseworthy,  -  _TL  .noteworthy. 


(15)  In   and   on   by   the  n  hook  :__/L .therein, 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES 


r 

.XV  :i ~-V— Bleness. 

*  ^  k  S^>  y^° 

I veness . . _>? r. . . .  13- ^. . .  Lessness _ .. ^ . _ s^L. . ^TT/_ 

-f*    *  fr>  w  <~^  / 

Ever.. L. 

\r 

.-Mental,  men- 

L  7  ^^^     /i         ^i  „  ^^    C    ^ 

Tv  /•  /r;     N^V-> 

Self.:?..Selves-.fo.  Ship.  /fly...  ^..  .?^^>. 

rx            r^x 
.°-\r^-_v^L.J;  Soever _Sr_.  .IV.  .With.  ^...Worthy 

"^  C 

_.^l— fc_..i:.. .._(.. In,  on.^../. 
(     ( 

CONTRACTIONS 
0  ,  <\ 

owe.../.-      because change.. ./..  practice.^. _ 

owing../..  fonn.._^T^_     health_/l_    half..Sr. 

WORD  OUT  OF  POSITION 

own.^ 


94 


PHONOGRAPHY 


The  Wolf  and  the  Fox 


.r 


v—  i 


-^---  -.-. 


v_^x  / "   "  "     p 


"(* 


r- 


LESSON  XXII 

WRITING  EXERCISE 

WORDS  IN  WHICH  CON,  COM,  OR  CUM,  IS  INDICATED  BY  A  DOT 

contrary  complexion  cumbrous^ 

contradict  complaining  cumbersomeness 

conjointly  convex  compound 

comparison  conference  compassion 

WORDS  IN  WHICH  CON,  COM,  CUM,  OR  COG,  IS  INDICATED 
BY  PROXIMITY 

unconscious  reconstruct  decomposition 

unconvinced  recompense  recommend 

?*ecognize  discomfort  circumvent 

reconsider  discontent  recognizance 

PHRASES  IN  WHICH  PREFIXES  ARE  INDICATED  BY  PROXIMITY 

they  contrive  written  contract 

you  commend  always  complacent 

he  considers  strict  confidence 

strong  combination  bitter  complaint 

never  completed  good  company 

stock  company  frank  confession 

WORDS  HAVING  OTHER  ABBREVIATED  PREFIXES 

forbear  self-same  withdraw 

magnetic  self-conceit  withal 

magnetize  self-command  withheld 

magnified  self-conscious  selfish 

self-evident  self-condemned  unselfish 

95 


PHONOGRAPHY 


WORDS  FROM  WHICH  CUM  OR  CON  MAY  BE  OMITTED 

circumference       circumscribe  circumspection' 

circumjacent         circumscription      circumspect 


WORDS 

HAVING  ABBREVIATED 

SUFFIXES 

invincible 

wastefulness 

zoology 

defensible 

need/essness 

doxology 

unpardonable 

recklessness 

yourself 

unfashionable 

groundlessness 

ourselves 

agreeableness 

blametessness 

township 

credibleness 

performed 

whosoever 

sociableness 

regimental 

whatsoever 

gracefulness 

elemental 

within 

usefulness 

detrimental 

insensibly 

wakefulness 

mythology 

copartnership 

compoundable 

commendable 

doubtfulness 

hopefulness 

hopelessness 

combativeness 

competing 

computings 

forever  contending 

complicated  conditions 


MISCELLANEOUS 

reasonableness 

commendableness 

constructiveness 

self-composed 

self-convicted 

self-confidence 

self-controlled 

companionship 


scholarship 
painfessness 
gracefulness 
grace /essness 
circumnavigation 
circumnavigator 
inconvenience 
inconvenient 
conversational  complications 
Congressional  committee 


conventional  conversation  penmanship  committee 
fashionable  company  *       substantial  condition  t 

*Company_.\y_^-  In  phrases  it  is  sometimes  represented  by 
K,  thus : — . .  insurance  company, JCTT-.  express  com- 
pany, _t/_ railroad  company. 

*Words  ending  in  ntial-ly,  are  shortened  by  leaving  off  the  last 

syllable  or  syllables -Pi--- 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  97 

An  Invitation 

Owing  to  the  complicated  condition  of  your  business 
affairs,  and  the  faithfulness  with  which  you  have  per- 
formed your  duties,  unconsciously  T/owhave  overworked, 
and  I  would  recommend  a  complete  rest  and  change 
for  a  few  weeks.  From  your  own  frank  confession, 
I  believe  you  will  not  contradict  my  statement,  yet 
because  of  your  unselfish  disposition,  you  forbear  asking 
for  a  vacation.  The  first  of  the  month  I  am  going  to 
attend  an  educators'  convention  at  Saratoga,  and  wish 
you  would  accompany  me.  If  you  will  make  a  trip  to 
this  fashionable  health  resort,  with  its  many  attractions, 
you  will  forget  all  business  complications,  etc.,*  within 
a  few  hours.  It  is  self-evident  that  this  is  what  you 
need.  You  can  come  to  the  conference  at  any  time ; 
and  withdraw  whenever  you  wish.  After  certain  com- 
mittee meetings  a?*e  over,  I  shall  be  free,  and  we  will 
practice  horsemanship,  enjoying  some  of  the  magnifi- 
cent views  in  and  about  this  noted  place.  Be  sensible 
and  enter  into  partnership  with  me  for  this  purpose  and 
for  friendship's  sake. 

*Etc.,  et  cetera,. 4...;  &c.,  and  so  forth,. 


,.  J    _; 


LESSON    XXIII 

PHRASING 

144  A  phrase  in  phonography  is  two  or  more 
words  joined. 

145  Though  there  are  certain  rules  to  be  learned 
and  followed  in  regard  to  phrases,  yet  a  knowledge  of 
correct  phrasing  must  be  acquired  in  a  great  degree  by 
observation  and  practice. 

146  A  beginnner  is  in  danger  of  making  long  and 
difficult  phrases  which  can  be  neither  written  nor  read 
easily.    One  help  in  phrasing  correctly  is  to  learn  what 
not  to  do. 

147  Words  should  not  be  joined:  (1)  unless  they 
naturally  belong  together;   (2)  if  there  is  a  pause  of 
any  kind  between  them  ;  (3)  if  the  joining  cannot  be 
made  easily ;  (4)  if  the  outline  is  not  clear  when  fin- 
ished ;  (5)  if  more  time  is  required  to  join  than  to  write 
them  separately. 

PHRASES  OF  THE  FIRST  CLASS 

148  There  are  two  kinds  of  phrases:   (1)  joining 
words  without  changing  their  form  ;    (2)  writing  the 
consonants  of  two  or  more  words  in  their  proper  order 
without  reference  to  their  form  when  standing  alone. 
It  is  with  the  first  and  simpler  class  that  this  lesson 
will  deal. 

98 


0 


PHRASING    CALL  ^ 

POSITION 

149  The  general  rule  for  position  of  phrases  is  to 
write  the  first  word  in  its  proper  position  without  ref- 
erence to  what  follows: my  own,.^rr\.._.may  be, 

(  > 

_| it  may  be,--^V__that  may  be,.-V-.be  sure. 

150  A  slight  variation  may  be  made  from  this 
rule  in  the  case  of  first  position  words,  in  order  to 
bring  the  second  word  in  position,  and  thus  render  the 

phrase  more  legible  :_7TT\_-can  be,  .^I^L. .my  dear  sir. 

N          *S 

151  As  or  has  being  the  first  word  of  a  phrase 
joined  to  a  stem-word  follows  the  position  of  that 
word ;  but  if  the  phrase  has  no  stem  outline,  it  is  writ- 
ten according  to  the  general  rule  for  position.    Is  and 
his  are  always  written  according  to  the  general  rule  : 

r 

<r°_-as  great  as, _<Ov^9as  many  as,.-  ..that  is, is 

so,  --^-is  not. 

152  The    same  rules   are   observed   for  writing 
circles  in  phrases    as   for   single   words    (par.  78): 

years  ago. 


153  Contractions  are  freely  used  in  phrases. 

154  The  up-stroke  R  in  a  phrase  represents  were, 
the  down-stroke  are,  though  the  up-stroke  is  always 

used  when  are  stands  alone :.____ .are,  _—C__ there  are. 


100 


PHONOGRAPHY 


155     That,  when  following  another  word   in   a 
phrase,  must  be  written  in  full,  which  makes  it  a  half- 


length  i.J^..  after  that,  ________  in  that,...  /..that  they. 


,...  /.. 
\ 


156     Time  must  be  written  in  full  after  another 
word  in  a  phrase  :._A  ____  about  that  time,--        --in 

,.  X  --  -1 

time.  K^  V~\ 

Exceptions  to  above  rule:.-O_.at  the  time, 
time,  _^_-^_.  oftentimes. 


157     Mr.  joined  to  any  word  does  not  govern  posi- 

tion :  _____  _^h  _  .  .  Mr.  Packard,  .  .^TN^^  .  .  .  Mr.  Cooper, 

,<^S?\~--  .  .  Mr.  Lobeck  .  ' 

The  figures  indicate  the  number  of  words  in  the  phrase. 


X                 ^       X~_  s~~\               V 

;y;^  V  ^7  ITV.-.  ._Y 

/                     v^  '^    9 
In                        -/                   V 


PHRASING 
CONTRACTIONS 

New  York L.       fact. .  _S_ ._ .       objection .  _\>  . . 

public   )     \  refer        {      ^S 

publish  f  "  •  --V-        reference  \  " 

\                         c — I 
wealth.. .?N.      ,    practical— ^rr^_      qualify > 

several.  ..V...         subject—_\._         system.  .-P.. 
privilege -f\..         represent-^^A. 

/    . 

Money  Making 

--"-3--l.^         ,  .  _ 

6  .--1--  u_»  .^ 


101 


^>— 


±f. 


LESSON    XXIV 


WRITING  EXERCISE 


it  may 
may  be 
it  may  be 
so  much 
so  many 
if  such 
if  he 
can  be 
for  me 
with  him 
for  my  own 
while  he  was 
though  he  was 
any  one 
that  they 
no  more 
any  more 
there  were 
will  be 
may  be  done 
upon  this  point 
at  last 
at  least 
in  person 


every  side 
in  any  case 
any  better 
much  better 
after  he  was 
may  be  written 
in  my 
in  this 
this  case 
after  this 
very  much 
so  much  money 
great  many  cases 
if  he  has 
with  reference 
with  respect 
with  regard 
should  not  be 
was  taken 
look  at  this 
that  was  said 
many  persons 
for  my  sake 
for  several  years 
102 


many  years  ago 
how  many  years 
after  many  years 
public  service 
that  is 

it  is  necessary 
has  not  been 
as  this 
as  much  as 
there  is  not 
as  far  as  may  be 
as  many  as 
dear  sir 
dear  friend 
my  dear  friend 
my  dear  madam 
yours  very  truly 
yours  in  haste 
Mr.  President 
just  about  this  time 
how  many  times 
after  that  time 
about  that  time 
civil  service  reform 


PHRASING  103 

Practical  Education 

(Words  to  be  joined  are  enclosed  in  parentheses.) 
The  objection  (has  been)  made  to  our  colleges  (that 
they)  are  not  practical.  I  do  not  think  (that  is)  an 
accurate  statement  of  the  objection.  What  I  would  say 
is,  (that  they)  are  practical  (with  reference)  to  two  or 
three*  pwsuits,  (but  that)  the  demands  of  the  time 
require  nine-tenths  t  of  our  young  men  in  other  pur- 
suits ;  and  they  are  not  practical  (with  reference)  to 
these.  If  a  young  man  wishes  to  qualify  for  one  of  the 
(ten  thousand)  pursuits  which  are  opening  on  (every 
side),  /  could  not  say  (to  him)  that  a  college  course 
(would  be)  his  best  preparation  (for  that)  ftfe.  This 
has  often  saddened  me,  (In  this)  city  (there  are)  (so 
many)  indolent  men,  and  needy  men,  and  idle  men, 
in  every  sphere.  But  (there  is  not)  one  healthy  man 
(in  this  country)  who  need  stand  idle  and  starve,  (if  he) 
will  only  go  (on  his)  feet  where  the  work  is  to  be  found. 
He  need  not  go  far.  But,  while  (such  is)  the  fact  (with 
regard)  to  mere  /aboring  men,  while  every  man  ivho 
conies  to  (this  country)  ivith  no  evil  passion  to  gratify, 
can  surely  get  on— while  (such  men)  are  (so  much) 
addition  to  our  wealth— I  know  (there  are)  now  (one 
thousand)  college  graduates  who  are  walking  the  stony 
streets  of  New  York,  and  know  not  how  to  earn  a  /iving. 
As  a  preparation  for  certain  pursuits  in  life — (it  may 
be)  very  well;  but  when  I  see,  as  I  do  see,  (so  many) 
men  whose  education  has  cost  (so  much),  find  themselves 
totally  unable  to  earn  a  living,  7  am  moved  to  protest 
against  a  system  of  education  ivhich  seems  (to  me)  so 
narrow  and  so  partial. 

*Two  or  three— Elevating  a  figure  to  the  right  of  another  indi- 
cates or,  thus :  s3 
t  Fractions  are  written  the  same  as  in  longhand. 


158  In  phrases  of  the  second  class  the  consonants 
of  two  or  more  words  are  combined  as  in  a  single 
word,  without  reference  to  their  form  when  standing 
alone. 

HALVING 

159  To,  it,  the,  and  had  are  added  to  full-length 

stems  by  halving: ought  to, can  it, between 

the,.— C -they  had. 

160  Its,  and  it  is,  are  added  by  halving  and  the 
circle:.^. .in  its, by  its,.__..if  it  is, -A .that  it  is. 

LENGTHENING 

161  Their,  there,  they  are,  and  other,  are  added  to 
curved  stems  and  to  straight  stems  with  final  hook  by 

lengthening :. ^rr^r^ .may  their, . .__  r. . .though  there, 

>.upon  their,  TTNy  when  they  are,  _./:__think  they 
are,  ^^^..no  other.   ' 

162  It  is  sometimes  necessary  to  distinguish  be- 
tween there  and  other  in  phrases,  in  which  case  the 
phrase  containing  other  is  vocalized  :__L__J: or  their, 

._\, for  other,. ^^_ in  their, in  other. 

104      x  r^ 


PHRASING  BY  HALVING  AND  LENGTHENING  105 

163  Others  is  added  by  lengthening  and  a  final 
circle :__/.. with  others, _-d^T^L. some  others, __ /..the 
others.  (  ( 

CONTRACTIONS 

Great  Britain .  _-^\  _ .  San  Francisco . .       - 


s-^:.  careful 

beyond-. ....  carefully 

charge 

without 


It  is—Nz-.r..: C,-to-x_  Their-. 


They  are./..- _-L \ /_x..0ther /~~/- 


106 


:£.- 


n. 


*0mit  <  after  s  in  a  few  words  where  easier  outlines  are  obtained: 
_  ^.  .  .  .  postpone,  ,  _  .  J^  .  _  post-paid,  _  _  _\»_  .  -  postal,  .  _  X  .  _  _  .  post- 


office. 


mean  to 
of  the 
to  the 
wish  to 
ought  to  be 
so  to  speak 
charge  it 
change  it 
before  it 
through  it 
by  the 
over  the 
among  the 
will  the 
above  the 
beside  the 
incline  the 
that  had 


LESSON    XXVI 
WRITING  EXERCISE 


we  had 
you  had 
he  had 
if  he  had 
thought  he  had 
by  its 
from  its 
if  its 
with  its 
through  its 
among  its 
upon  its 
when  it  is 
in  their 
on  their  own 
making  their 
writing  their 
winning  their 


earning  their 
should  there 
remain  there 
been  there 
that  they  are 
know  they  are 
although  they  are 
these  other 
every  other 
every  other  day 
some  other 
among  other  things 
some  other  cases ' 
some  other  respects 
in  other  words 
any  other  time 
think  they  are 
on  the  other  hand 


164     Numerals  are  written  in  Arabic  characters 
except  one,  six  and  ten  \^J£L 


165  It  is  not  safe  to  represent  large  numbers  by 
use  of  ciphers.  Too  much  time  would  be  required  in 
writing,  and  one  cipher  short,  or  one  added,  would  de- 

stroy accuracy  :.-vJT_^_^__:l£-^i^- 


107 


108  PHONOGRAPHY 

Penny  Postage 
(Concluded) 

The  shilling  (which  the)  postman  demanded  was,  (in 
fact,)  a  week's  wages  to  a  girl  in  her  condition  fifty 
(years  ago.)  It  cost  more  then  to  send  a  letter  from 
one  end  of  London  to  (the  other,)  or  from  New  York 
to  Hartem,  than  it  now  does  to  send  a  /etter  from 
Egypt  to  San  Francisco.  The  man  who  changed  all 
this,  Sir  .Rowland  Hill,  died  in  1879,  (at  the)  age  of 
eighty-three.  His  attention  was  first  called  (to  the) 
postal  system  (by  the)  high  price  of  postage.  He  found 
(that  the)  actual  cost  of  sending  a  letter  from  London 
to  Edinburgh  was  one-eighteenth  of  a  cent.  This  fact 
led  him  (to  the)  admirable  idea  (of  the)  uniform  rate 
of  one  penny  for  afl  distances.  (At  that  time)  a  letter 
from  London  to  Edinburgh  was  charged  about  twenty- 
eight  cents ;  but  (if  it)  contained  the  smallest  inclosure, 
the  postage  was  doubled.  The  consequences  of  this 
(postal  reform)*  (have  been)  marvelous.  The  year  be- 
fore the  new  plan  was  adopted  in  Great  Britain,  one 
hundred  and  six  millions  of  tetters  and  papers  were 
sent  (through  the)  post-office.  Year  before  last  one 
thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy-eight  mi /lions  were 
sent ;  (in  other  words,)  the  average  (for  each)  inhabit- 
ant has  increased  from  three  (per  annum)  to  thirty- 
two. 


*Words  ordinarily  ending  in  downward  L  may  be  written  with 


the  upward  L  in  phrasing  :_X postal  reform,  _X post- 

al  card. 


LESSON  XXVII 
PHRASING  BY  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS 

166  As,  has,  is,  his,  are  added  to  a  circle- word  by 

changing  the  small  circle  to  a  large  circle: as  has, 

_.9..has  his, is  his,       -his  is. 

167  A  circle-word  is  prefixed  to  a  word  beginning 
with  a  circle,  or  added  to  a  word  ending  with  a  circle, 
by  enlarging   the  circle  :..r_.has  said,  _.L..it  is  his, 
_£__this  is. 

168  To,  it,  and  the  are  added  to  a  circle  by  chang- 


ing the  circle  to  a  small  loop :_ J  ..it  is  to, .     ..how  is  it, 
.JL.what  is  the. 

(In  regard  to  the  this  is  an  arbitrary  rule,  as  the  has 
no  t  sound.) 

169  There,  their,  and  they  are  are  added  to  a  cir- 
cle-word by  changing  the  circle  to  a  large  loop  :..L_it  is 

x7  0 

their, is  there,. ....as  they  are. 

170  Store  is  sometimes  added  by  the  ster  loop : 

-_\--^j--book  store, . _'_ C^Z _ . clothing  store,  -^J- -shoe 
store.  x 

171  To  the  loops,  small  and  large,  small  circles  are 

added  for  any  circle-word: as  it  is, is  it  as, 

.....as  there  has. 

109 


110  PHONOGRAPHY 

172  Stairs  may  be  added  by  loop  and  final  circle  : 
-o^_  .upstairs,  ..JJ.  downstairs. 

173  The  phrases  composed  of  loops  or  of  loops  and 
small  circles  are  prefixed  in  their  detached  form  to 
stem-words  when  more  convenient  than  joining  in  the 
ordinary  way  :._^.as  it  has  been,_^_.has  there  not, 

as  there  has  been. 


174  Us  may  be  added  finally  by  a  small  circle,  but 
as  sometimes  when  written  thus  after  a  verb  it  will 
conflict  with  another  word,  it  should  be  used  with  cau- 
tion. The  stem  sign  should  be  employed  in  all  doubtful 
cases  :.r?_.  let  us,.CT?!._from  us,  _./"_„  with  us. 

CONTRACTIONS 

December  _J^x.-    opportunity-^..    truth..  1. 
heaven..  Ss2_. 


PHRASING  BY  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS 

Have  Young  Men  Honor? 


Ill 


.   ( 


LJ 


^..x._.   I       -V 1. 

±-         *o»  „ 


LESSON   XXVIII 


WRITING  EXERCISE 


as  well  as 

as  well  as  there 

has  there  not  been 

as  to  that 

as  such 

is  it  possible 

as  eariy  as  it  is 

as  far  as  the 

as  far  as  there  is 

as  there  is  nothing 

as  there  has  not  been 

as  it  has  not  been  done 

it  is  true 

unless  it 

unless  it  is 

unless  there 

unless  there  is 

as  much  as 

as  much  as  it 

as  much  as  it  is 

as  much  as  his 

as  much  as  his  is 

as  fast  as 

so  as  to 

sometimes  it  is 


always  there 
as  good  as 
as  soon  as 
because  his 
because  his  is 
because  it 
because  it  is 
because  there  is 
as  there  can  be 
as  there  shall  be 
he  is  there 
as  it  ought 
as  to  what 
has  to  be 
is  to  be 
what  is  the 
this  has  been  done 
is  it  payable 
is  there  anything 
is  there  any  other 
how  is  there 
why  is  there 
that  it  is  necessary 
since  they  are 
since  there  is 


112 


PHRASING  BY  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  113 

Neiv  York,  December  23,  19 

W.*  M.  IVINS,  ESQ. 

243  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

(My  dear  Sir :) — (It  is  as)  plain  (as  the)  sun  (in  the) 
heavens  that  no  conclusion  (can  be)  reached  (with  ref- 
erence) (to  the)  matter  talked  of  (last  week,)  (unless 
there  is)  a  personal  consultation.  (One  of  the)  most 
futile  things  in  fife  (is  to)  make  men  fill  places  (for 
which)  they  possess  no  aptitude.  The  person  whose 
name  (need  not  be)  mentioned  here  (is  his)  own  worst 
enemy.  (Because  it  is)  of  deep  concern  to  you  (that 
he)  should  do  well,  I  put  him  (into  the)  retail  depart- 
ment, hoping  he  might  improve  there.  (It  is  the)  old 
story  of  fervent  promises  foflowed  by  no  fulfillment. 
(Because  there  is)  no  integrity  (in  his)  character  do  not 
expect  him  (to  make)  better  use  (of  the)  opportunities 
offered  him  than  (he  has  done)  (in  the  past.)  (He  has) 
repeated/y  absented  himself  from  business,  and  (when 
he  is  there),  (as  soon  as)  (he  is)  left  alone  (in  the)  of- 
fice (it  is  his)  custom  to  idle  away  his  time.  (As  long 
as)  (he  is)  (in  this  city)  (it  is  true)  (that  he  is)  not  im- 
proving (in  his)  habits.  (As  has  been)  often  said  (by 
his)  best  friends,  (he  is)  sure  of  failure  here  and  should 
try  (some  other)  field.  (Is  there  not)  some  smaller  city 
where  he  could  begin  business  fife  anew  with  some 
chance  of  success  ?  (As  to  what)  disposition  (to  make) 
(of  the)  place  (he  is)  filling,  that  (is  to  be)  decided  (when 
he  has)  vacated  it.  (As  far  as  the)  salary  is  concerned, 
(it  is  the)  Jeast  consideration.  (In  any  case,)  you  (will 

*  Always  write  initials  in  longhand. 


114  PHONOGRAPHY 

be)  saved  from  toss  (as  far  as  possible.)  (As  there  is) 
no  longer  a  hope  of  better  things  here,  I  (shall  be  glad) 
to  consult  you  (as  soon  as  possible)  (with  reference)  (to 
the)  future.  (When  is  it)  convenient  for  you  (to  call  ?) 

(Yours  sincerely) 

[Student's  name] 

P.  S.  (He  has)  just  come  in— at  ten  o'clock.  (This 
is  the)  first  day  (he  has  been)  (at  his)  post  this  week. 
(Is  it  necessary)  (to  meet)  him  (when  the)  final  inter- 
view (takes  place)  with  (any  other)  accusation*  than 
this  ?  Let  me  see  you  (as  early  as  the)  first  of  next 
week  (if  it  is  possible.) 

*For  distinction,  the  following  words  are  written  in  different  po- 
sitions : causation,  _  _-=^=e  _ .  accession, accusation. 


LESSON   XXIX 
PHRASING  BY  INITIAL  HOOKS 

175  All   and   will   are   added   by  the  I  hook: 

.$L_.for  all,-'—  «t  all,.  _C___  they  will,._|L.it  will. 

176  Are,  or,  and  our  are  added  by  the  r  hook: 

...Lwhat  are,  .r^-.when  are,.  J_.at  or,  _:L._for  our. 

177  We  is  added  to  straight  stems  by  the  iv  hook  : 

n 

_______  can  we,  --^-xc.  were  we,  _____  ought  we,  ..I.  .do  we. 

178  You  and  your  are  added  to  straight  stems  by 
the  y  hook,  a  large  hook  on  the  r  side  used  only  in 

phrases  (par.  98):  _______  could  you,..n  ____  what  do  you 

n  c~~  s 

say,.  L^.  at  your  house. 

179  It  is  important  that  the  y  hook  for  you  and 
your  always  be  made  so  large  that  it  will  not  conflict 
with  the  use  of  the  r  hook  for  our.   On  T  or  D  in  third  po- 
sition (as  did  you)  the  hook  should  rest  on  the  line  : 


at  your  place,  —  --^.  at  our  place,  __C|.__  did  you. 

\CONTRACTIONS       „ 
prooamy  ,         '  during...],  doctor...'.,  surprise..^. 
recollect..^.  part.-\.  quality  ________  equality.  -.--- 


characteristic. 

115 


116 


PHONOGRAPHY 


All. 


M^ 


4- 


.L. 


~s      ^    '  l^^.^     ^~^ 


If  — 


Dr.  Samuel  Smiles 


LESSON   XXX 


WRITING  EXERCISE 


for  all 

at  all 

for  all  the 

for  all  their 

with  all  that 

in  all  that  time 

in  all  other  cases 

she  will 

she  will  be 

it  will 

it  will  be 

it  will  be  seen 

when  will 

we  will  b? 

where  are 

what  are 

on  or  about  that  time 

on  our  part 

in  our  time 

at  our  house 

all  our 

that  will 

to  all 

but  we 


on  our  account 
are  we 
had  we 
did  we 
had  we  been 
could  we  believe 
why  do  you 
how  did  you 
had  you  been 
had  you  been  there 
can  you  state 
at  your  place 
do  you  recollect 
what  do  you  say 
do  you  think  there  is 
where  do  you 
where  do  you  reside 
which  you  believe 
who  are 
who  will 
we  are  ready 
do  you  know 
do  you  believe 
ought  we 


117 


118  PHONOGRAPHY 

Amsterdam,  Holland 

December  29,  19 

(My  Dear  Friend :) 

(By  all  means)  go  to  Paris,  and  (we  will)  meet  you 
there,  for  (of  all  the)  cities  of  Europe,  Paris  (is  the) 
queen ;  (among  all)  people,  the  Parisians  (are  the)  most 
charming,  and  (among  all  the)  nationalities,  France  (is 
the)  most  unique.  (It  will)  please  you  to  study  her  (in 
all  the)  characteristics  she  presents.  (We  will  be)  (at 
the)  Continental  (on  or  before)  the  first  of  August. 
(When  will)  you  probably  arrive?  (Why  do  you) 
/inger*  (so  long)  in  England  ?  (Where  do  you)  go 
from  London  ?  (Could  we)  join  you  there,  or  (ought 
we)  (to  go)  directfy  to  Ber/in  ?  (Which  will  be )  the 
better  ?  Call  (upon  the)  American  Consul  and  (he  will) 
be  glad  to  serve  you.  (It  will  be)  well  (among  all  the) 
rest  to  cultivate  him.  (Do  you)  find  the  weather 
agreeable,  and  (can  you)  live  (in  the)  open  air  (as  much 
as)  you  desired?  Where  (are  the)  Johnsons  (par.91) 
and  (what  are)  their  plans  (for  the)  summer  ?  I  hope 
(they  will)  reach  Lucerne  (by  the)  first  of  June.  I  send 
you  our  itinerary,  (by  which)  (it  will  be  seen)  that  we 
(shall  be)  there  (on  or  about  that  time.)  Please  notify 
them.  (It  will  be)  observed  that  (we  are)  due  at  Ber- 
Im  (on  the)  15th.  Why  will  not  you  meet  us  there,  (by 
the)  way  ?  If  Mary  can  come,  (she  will)  find  it  very 
pleasant  (at  our  house)  as  we  found  it  (at  your  place) 
(in  New  York.)  (Where  do  you  live)  during  your  stay 

*In  /inger,  finger,  and  similar  words  the  g  may  be   omitted  : 


PHRASING   BY  INITIAL  HOOKS  119 

in  London,  and  (where  do  you  say)  the  greatest  com- 
fort (can  be)  had  (for  our)  little  company  ?  (Can  we) 
get  good  rooms  (at  your)  hotel  ?  (Did  you)  find  the 
great  organ  a  surprise,  or  (had  you)  heard  it  before  ? 
(With  all)  your  other  cares  (ought  you)  to  spend  your 
time  (on  the)  German  language?  (Is  it)  (what  you 
want)  for  a  holiday  recreation,  or  (what  your)  doctor 
would  advise  (at  your)  age  and  in  your  condition  of 
health  ?  We  tried  it  for  a  time,  (but  we)  gave  it  up 
and  (were  the)  gainers.  (On  our)  arrival  at  Liverpool 
we  found  that  (in  our)  haste  (we  had)  left  our  pass- 
po?*ts  at  home  ;  (but  we)  have  no  need  of  them  (at  all), 
nor  do  I  think  (they  will)  be  needed  (in  all)  our  travel. 
The  Ho?'tons  are  in  Amsterdam.  (Can  your)  imagina- 
tion grasp  the  idea  ?  (Of  all  the)  unlikely  events,  this 
was  the  most  unlikely,  and  (of  all  their)  many  plans, 
(this  is  the)  wisest.  (Had  we)  known  it  (in  time,)  we 
might  have  fixed  them  (at  our)  hotel,  and  (were  we)  to 
remain  (through  the)  week,  we  might  do  it  yet  (They 
are)  very  comfortable,  however,  quite  (as  much)  so 
as  (we  are, )  (which  your)  good  sense  will  tell  you  is 
sufficient. 

(Yours  very  truly) 

[Student's  name] 


LESSON   XXXI 
PHRASING  BY  FINAL  HOOKS  AND  CURLS 

180  Of  and  have  are  added  by  the  /  hook  to  both 
straight  and  curved  stems,  though  it  is  used  on  curved 
stems  in  only  a  few  cases.  On  curved  stems,  it  is  a 

large  hook  like  shun  :..:?.  .part  of,  .  ___-.,„  could  have, 


have,..  .Ty.we  have. 

181     Of  the  and  have  the  are  added  to  straight 
stems  by  the  /  hook  and  halving  :.^.paxt  of  the, 


could  have  the,  _____  out  of  the,  __L.  what  have  the. 


182     Of  their,   have  their,   and  after  are  added 
to  straight  stems  by  the  /  hook  and  lengthening: 

__.\i..part  of  their,  ______  „.  could  have  their,  _.L_  day 

after,  ...^ 


183     And,  an,  own,  than,  and  sometimes  one  are 
added  by  the  n  hook  to  straight  and  curved  stems  : 

I          c  C 

_<rri._he  and,  ......  .at  an,  __\>_  .their  own,  _____  other  than, 

_jL>_—  every  one,..  -T^.half  an  hour,  _^\.  .over  and 
above,..  <r7>—  .some  one. 

120 


PHRASING  BY  FINAL  HOOKS  AND  CURLS  121 

184    It  is  safer  to  write  been  with  a  stem  and  hook, 

so  that  it  will  not  conflict  with  <m:__L--nad  been, 

I  A  V, 

__-_.had  an,__>\---have  been,. _„. .have  an. 


185  Not  is  added  by  the  n  hook  and  halving: 

_.r..did  not, should  not,  .._„  will  not. 

j  <j  c^ 

186  Another  is  added  by  the  n  hook  and  lengthen- 
ing :..^\..loy  another,  _A_ if  another,  ^..^^in  an- 
other. 

187  The  shun  hook  is  used  in  phrasing  only  for 
the  word  ocean  i.l^T .. Atlantic  ocean,  _V Pa- 


cific ocean. 

188  There,  their,  they  are,  and  other  are  added  to 

straight  stems  by  the  ter  hook  :._<„. are  there, __^__ by 
their,. ..f... each  other,... c/_ which  they  are. 

N  CURL 

189  In  before  some  is  represented  by  the  N  curl : 

.in  some  measure,  -.10*^— _ in  some  degree. 


190     Than  may  be  added  by  the  N  curl  after  a 
ing 
than. 


word  ending  with  a  circle  or  a  loop  :  __5rL  faster  than, 


122  PHONOGRAPHY 

COMPOUND  HOOKS 

191  A  small  hook  within  a  ter  hook  represents 
than,  been,   or  own:  ______  rather  than,  __._  .had  there 

been,  __^._by  their  own. 

192  A  small  hook  within  a  v  hook  on  curved  stems 

represents  6ee?i:.^rs)-may  have  been,  „„.  shall  have 
been. 

193  Once  may  be  added  by  the  w  hook  and  a  final 

circle  on  the  n  side  of  the  stem  :_.i.at  once,  _.  _V_but 
once. 

194  Was  may  be  added  by  the  w  hook  and  a  final 
circle  :  __(?_  it  was,  _c/:__  where  was. 

CONTRACTIONS 


already   £ 

help  ^\ 

capable.  -T7X. 
circumstance.  J 

history,  -^-/- 
object    -^   . 

f 
circumstantial 

object'    x. 

remembrance  ~V"  o 

popular      I 

\ 

popularity  $ 

WORD  OUT  OF  POSITION 

held.. 


PHRASING   BY   FINAL   HOOKS  AND   CURLS 


Have  the_^..    .-x_^  Of  thei 


_..ry..-x_..^.      .A  Anothe 


*  When  phrased  with  jot;  purpose  is  represented  by  P:_.^_.for 
the  purpose,. -W-- for  the  purpose  of  the. 


124 


PHONOGRAPHY 


Have  been.r 


...G.  ___?„/*«  Once.....^.., 


SENTENCES 


/   .1   • 


L. 

r 


LESSON  XXXII 


WRITING  EXERCISE 


lack  of 

each  of 

side  of 

inside  of 

outside  of 

capable  of 

all  of 

think  of 

know  of 

state  of  the  case 

out  of  business 

on  the  subject  of 

in  the  city  of  New  York 

may  have 

you  have 

but  have 

what  have 

which  have 

could  have 

shall  have 

should  have 

did  you  have 

as  long  as  you  have 

for  an 

if  an 

from  an 


on  an 

her  own 

their  own 

from  our  own 

had  been 

having  been 

longer  than 

slower  than 

larger  than 

any  more  than 

where  there 

where  there  has  been 

where  they  are 

can  their 

between  their 

but  they  are 

each  other 

that  there  has  been 

we  will  be  there 

had  you  been  there 

here  and  there 

had  you  gone  there 

can  there  be 

did  you  remain  there 

in  all  other  cases 

much  of  the 


125 


126 


PHONOGRAPHY 


for  the  sake  of  the 

may  have  their 

did  have  their 

day  after  day 

week  after  week 

Saturday  afternoon 

they  did  not 

may  not 

it  may  not  be 

may  not  have  been 

could  not 

you  are  not 

at  another 

still  another 

should  another 

at  another  date 

in  another  way 

that  have  been 

much  better  than 

at  all  their  own 

should  never  have  been 


it  may  have  been 
they  may  have  been 
that  there  may  have  been 
greater  than 
part  of  the 
on  the  part  of  the 
on  the  part  of  their 
alongside  of  their 
out  of  the 
out  of  their 
state  of  the 
state  of  their 
in  some  respects 
take  care  of  the 
take  care  of  their 
any  more  than  their 
out  of  their  own 
out  of  town 

the  other  side  of  the  case 
did  you  have  anything  to 
say 


Fallacies  About  the  Sea 

Every  man  (ought  to)  (cross  the)  ocean  (at  least) 
once  (for  the  sake  of)  finding  (how  many)  lies  (have 
been)  told  (about  it.)  Men  (may  have  been)  (in  the 
habit)  of  telling  the  truth  (on  the)  Zand,  (but  an)  ocean 
breeze  (makes  them)  (capable  of  the)  biggest  sto?ies. 
They  see  billows  (as  high)  (as  the)  A£ps  and  whales  (as 
long  as)  a  church.  (We  have  been)  (able  to)  find  some 
things  (that  have  been)  repo?*ted  (but  not)  a/1.  (We 
have)  heard  that  seasickness  makes  one  desire  to  jump 


PHRASING  BY   FINAL  HOOKS  AND  CURLS  127 

overboard.*  (One  day)  (on  our)  ship  (among  the)  hun- 
dred seasick  passengers  (there  was)  (not  one)  booking 
(at  the)  sea  (as  though)  he  (would  like)  (to  get)  (into 
it.)  (We  have  been)  told  (that  the)  saife  of  ships  whiten 
every  sea ;  (but  we  have)  found  (that  the  cry)  of  "Ship 
—ho!"  (is  so)  rare  that  it  brings  (afl  the)  passengers 
(to  their)  feet.  (We  have  been)  told  (of  the)  sense  of 
desolation  when  (out  of)  (sight  of)  fend,  but  in  a  popu- 
lar steamer  such  a  feeling  is  impossible.  (We  leave)! 
a  world  behind ;  (but  we)  take  a  world  (with  us.)  Our 
desire  to  know  how  far  (we  are)  (from  the)  shore  is 
(no  greater  than)  to  know  how  far  the  shore  is  (from  us). 
Men  (by  the)  third  day  on  shipboard  turn  inside  out. 
I  refer  (to  their)  characters,  not  (to  their)  stomachs. 
Their  generosity  (or  their)  selfishness,  their  courage  (or 
their)  cowardice  are  patent.  What  (variety  of)  mis- 
sion !  Since  getting  (on  board)  some  of  them  have  Zost 
(afl  their)  money.  (Two  or  three)  have  won  everything 
and  (the  others)  have  lost.  The  sai/ors  (have  been)  a 
constant  entertainment.  (They  are)  always  interest- 
ing. (Each  of  them)  has  a  history.  Sometimes  his 
life  (has  been)  a  tragedy,  sometimes  a  comedy.  (In 
his)  laugh  (is  the)  freedom  (of  the)  sea  and  the  wild- 
ness  (of  the)  wind.  We  can  hard/y  keep  from  laying 
hold  with  these  sailor  boys  (as  they)  bend  (to  their) 
work  (singing  their)  strange  song,  of  (which  we)  catch 
(here  and  there)  a  stanza.  Heaven  (give  them)  a  steady 
foot  while  running  (up  the)  slippery  rat/ines  to  reef 
the  topsail ! 

*Most  words  beginning  with  over  are  written  in  first  position 

without  regard  to  accent. 

^Leave  must  be  vocalized  to  distinguish  it  from  live. 


LESSON   XXXIII 

PHRASING  BY  TICKS,   BRIEF  SIGNS, 
AND  FOURTH  POSITION 

195  A  tick  is  a  straight  stroke  one-fourth  the 
length  of  the  stem  T ;  a  brief  sign  is  half  of  a  small 
circle. 

TICKS 

I  '         w&°     L  an   f-    v   or  / 

A----  Tlrl"l/-VTVl      I          1 


whom,    ,          and 
of.^.     he.j-.  the   i  or_ 

BRIEF  SIGNS 

we      ) 
would  [  c  or 
way     ) 

196  The  ticks  for  /  and  of  must  always  be  in  the 
direction  of  CH  or  R.    These  ticks  do  not  govern  posi- 
tion. They  are  joined  initially,  finally,  or  between  words: 
— ^\,_I  hope,-^_I  am,_rv_^I  know,_u if  I  may, 

<  S  '-"N 

j*TT?_of  course,  _____  of  that,  _  J__of  us,  ^r^_v__many  of. 

197  The  tick  for  /  is  written  upward  before  K 
and   G,    and   downward   before    M    and    H  :__C7T-_I 
can, I  could, ..CI7l_I  am,.^?-_I  am  not,__CT—  I  can- 
not. 

128 


PHRASING  BY  TICKS,  BRIEF  SIGNS,   ETC.  129 

198  The  tick  for  7  takes  the  v  hook  for  have,  the  I 
hook  for  will  and  the  n  hook  for  not— always  being 
written  downward  for  I  have  and  upward  for  /  will. 
The  tick  for  of  takes  the  I  hook  for  all:  f_.I  have, 
_T__I  will,.!!.!  will  not,._^_of  all. 

199  The  tick  for  who  or  whom,  in  the  direction  of 
CH,  is  the  only  shaded  tick,  and  is,  of  course,  always 
written  downward.     It  governs  position :       _who  are, 

-.who  said,-,-_\vho  was, who  will  not. 

f  ) 

200  The  tick  for  he  is  used  initially  only  before 
K,  G,  or  M.     It  does  not  govern  position  :.^~."°. .he 
goes, _K^_.he  may,-u^___he  could. 

201  The  tick  for  a,  an,  and  and  is  written  upward 
or  downward,  in  the  direction  of  P,  CH,  or  R.    It  is 
joined  initially,  finally,  or  between  words.   When  joined 
initially  it  is  written  in  the  direction  of  P  only.    When 

joined  to  a  circle,  the  circle  governs  position :  >^_-^_un- 

.                                          /^  > 

der  a,  .^— ^-_for  a  moment, __•/ a  letter, __v__ and 

they,.. . ..and  as, and  is,_]  _.and  as  I,..  -_and  is  a. 

\3  )Q 

202  The  tick  is  seldom  used  for  an  when  the  n 

hook  can  be  used  i.CTrL  from  an,  jCTTf-from  a, on 

an.-^t.on  a,./-_with  an,_/!__with  a. 

203  The  tick  for  the  is  never  used  alone  nor  ini- 
tially.   It  is  used  when  the  cannot  be  represented  in  a 
phrase  by  any  of  the  previous  rules;  namely,   by  halv- 
ing or  by  changing  a  circle  to  a  loop ;  that  is,  after  a 
double-length,  half-length,  loop,  or  stem  that  does  not 


130  PHONOGRAPHY 

make  an  angle  with  the  preceding 

the,  .^-  .made  the,  ^-^F>-  against  the,_d  _____  like  the. 

204  In  writing  words  beginning  with  the  con  dot, 
or  ending  with  the  ing  dot,  /,  of,  a,  an,  and,  or  the  may 
be  prefixed  or  added  by  writing  the  tick  in  place  of  the 


condemn,  _.1_  .of  committee,  _____  putting  a, 

\          X/ 
_____  putting  the,  __L__the  condition,  .\_^._.and  company. 

205  All  ticks,  initial  or  final,  should  be  written  so 
as  not  to  conflict  with  hooks.    There  should  be  a  well 

defined  angle,  thus  :--X-_'no£___^..  that  I  was,__<y_?ioi 
_rx.-I  would. 

206  When  the  outline  would  be  equally  clear  if  the 
tick  were  written  either  up  or  down,  the  preference  is 
the  up-stroke.    Avoid  the  backward  hand  movement 

as  much  as  possible  :  __/\_wo£_  __\_  I  hope,  ^..not 
__^L_I  wish,  ..p..  .not..-  ____  of  his^JSZ?—  tw$_..^r=£._af 

course. 

207  When  standing  alone  and  in  phrases  composed 
of  ticks,  circles,  and  briefs,  /  and  of  ticks  are  written 
upward  ;  when  joined  to  a  circle,  the  circle  governs 

position:._!:_as  I,_.v.._  j   ^j  *'f>  _*__and  as  1,.^-of 
his,./u>-_of  yours. 

208  The  right  or  the  left  half  of  a  small  circle 
(according  to  convenience  of  joining)  is  used  for  ive  and 
would  initially,  finally,  and  between  stems,  and  for  way 


PHRASING  BY  TICKS,  BRIEF  SIGNS,   ETC.  131 


finally: .we  can,...— we  did  not, ..Jj.. .we  wish, 

c  « 

c  .that  we,  ...(...it  would  be,../l--the  other  way, 


./. 


209  The  upper  or  the  lower  half  of  a  small  circle 
is  used  for  you  or  your  initially,  finally,  and  between 

stems  :..r^^.  .you  may,  .  A___you  say  you  can,  -.-ri-.you 
shall,  A^__./?._  if  you  were  there,  .TV..  when  you. 

210  The  brief  signs  do  not  govern  position. 

211  Ticks  and  brief  signs  are  combined  with  each 
other  and  with  circles  and  loops  r.xu.  .of  your,,  .who 

would  be,  _____  and  as  they  are,_.T..and  your.      ^ 

212  Did,  when  it  is  the  first  word  in  a  phrase,  or 
when  preceded  by  a  brief,  should  be  written  in  the  con- 
tracted form,  but  when  it  follows  a  stem-word  it 
must  be  written  in  full,  to  distinguish  it  from  do: 
...I—  we  did,  ./.¥\*.  where  do  you  live,  ^<^bLS-__ 

where  did  you  live,  ..  \___they  do,.  __y  .they  did. 

213  Any  word  in  which  the  first  upright  or  in- 
clined stem  is  full-length  or  double-length  may  be 
written  entirely  below  the  line  to  signify  that  it  is  pre- 
ceded by  to  or  too.    This  is  called  the  fourth  position  : 
.      _.to  be,..      to  do,...  ...too  cheap,..  ~-~  to  ren- 

der,..   ____  to  promote. 


214     In  expressions  such  as,   "from  day  to  day," 
"from  time  to  time,"  etc.,  write  the  outlines  of  the 


132  PHONOGRAPHY 

repeated  word  close  together,  or  join  them,  omitting 

from  and  fo:___ILfrom  day  to  day, from  time 

to  time,  —/r—  from  year  to  year. 


Who,  whom 
A,  an, 


Ing  the 
"  a 

"  an 
"  and 


v  \ 


I     Of  con-corn 
and  con— com  / 
the  con — com  ) 


We,  would,  way ., £ 

^...°\.^.A-.         ,-You, 


^^ 


To,  too. 


I    \ 


*See  page  160. 


PHRASING  BY  TICKS,   BRIEF  SIGNS,   ETC.  133 


LESSON   XXXIV 

WRITING  EXERCISE 


I  say 

I  object 

I  wish 

I  said  so 

I  hope 

I  propose 

I  purpose 

I  confess 

I  contend 

I  know 

I  know  there  is 

I  may  as  well 

I  may  have  been 

I  may  mention 

I  thought  that 

I  understand 

I  think  you  have  been 

I  do  not  understand 

I  did  not  think 

I  remain 

may  I 

may  I  not 

that  I  was 

if  I  may  not 


on  a 

with  a 

upon  an 

before  an 

more  than  a 

father  and  mother 

hither  and  thither 

made  the 

hide  the 

meet  the 

hate  the 

/ike  the 

after  the 

bidding  the 

putting  a 

since  I  have  been 

we  think 

we  saw 

we  shall  be 

shall  we  be 

we  should  have 

we  shall 

shall  we  say 

I  have  no  intention 


134 


PHRASING  BY  TICKS, 

BRIEF  SIGNS,  ETC.               IK 

I  have  no  idea 

you  find 

on  your  own  account 

you  mean  to  say 

out  of  your  own 

your  intention 

I  hope  you  may 

you  say  you  can     . 

as  a  matter  of  course 

you  say  you  must 

he  memo?'ized 

you  see  there  is 

he  moves 

of  them 

he  carried 

of  yours 

he  comes 

of  us 

we  wish 

of  mine 

if  we 

of  many 

if  we  take 

of  such 

we  do 

of  course 

we  fear 

of  a 

should  we 

sort  of 

they  would 

court  of 

she  would 

spoken  of 

she  would  be 

many  of 

that  we  think 

weight  of  evidence 

we  would 

who  will 

it  would  be 

against  the 

any  way 

to  save 

in  their  way 

to  ?*eceive 

this  way 

too  deep 

her  way 

and  a 

in  a  way 

and  I 

you  might 

and  the 

you  might  not 

and  as  I 

you  should  say 

and  as  a 

you  cannot 

and  is  a 

you  could  tell 

and  I  have 

you  did  not  know 

and  I  will 

you  recall 

and  I  will  not  be 

136  PHONOGRAPHY 

and  I  have  not  because  I  have 

I  am  yours  respectfully  I  think  I  have  been 

I  am  very  respectfully  yours  I  spoke  of  the 

L  sent  for  you  '  I  think  there  was  a 

I  sent  for  your  letter  I  would  have  been  there 

Value  of  Persistence 

(I  feel)  (as  if)  it  (were  not)  (for  me)  (to  record)  how 
hard  I  worked  (at  that)  tremendous  shorthand.  (I 
will)  only  add  (to  what)  (I  have)  already  written  (of 
my)  perseverance  (at  this  time)  (of  my)  Me  and  (of  a) 
patient  (and  continuous)  energy  which  then  began  (to 
be)  matured  within  me  (and  which)  (I  know)  (to  be)  the 
strong  (part  of)  my  character,  (if  it)  have  any  strength 
(at  all,)  (that  there,)  on  booking  back,  (I  find)  the 
source  (of  my)  success.  (I  have  been)  fortunate  in 
worldly  matters ;  but  (I  never )  (could  have)  done  what 
(I  have  done)  (without  the)  habit  of  punctuality,  order 
and  diligence — (without  the)  determination  to  concen- 
trate myself  (on  one)  object  (at  a)  time  which  I  then 
formed.  The  man  who  reviews  his  ftfe  as  (I  do)  mine, 
in  going  on  here  (from  page  to  page)  had  need  (to 
have  been)  a  good  man  indeed  if  (he  would  be)  spared 
the  sharp  consciousness  (of  many)  opportunities 
wasted,  many  perverted  feelings  constantly  at  war 
(within  his)  breast  and  defeating  him.  (I  do  not)  hold 
one  natural  gift,  (I  dare  say,)  that  (I  have  not)  abused. 

Whatever  (I  have)  tried  (to  do)  in  /ife  (I  have)  tried 
(to  do)  well ;  whatever  (I  have)  devoted  myself  to,  (I 
have)  devoted  myself  to  completely  ;  in  great  aims  and 
smaH  (I  have)(a£ways  been)  thoroughly  in  earnest.  (I 
have  never)  believed  it  possible  that  any  natural  or  im- 
proved abi/ity  can  claim  immunity  (from  the)  compan- 


PHRASING  BY  TICKS,   BRIEF  SIGNS,   ETC.  137 

ionship  (of  the)*  steady,  plain,  hard-working  qualities, 
and  hope  to  gain  its  end.  (There  is  no  such)  thing  (as 
such)  fulfillment  (on  this)  ea?*th.  Some  happy  talent, 
some  fortunate  opportunity  may  form  the  two  sides 
(of  the)  /adder  (on  which)  some  men  mount,  but  the 
?x>unds  (of  that)  /adder  (must  be)  made  of  stuff  to  stand 
(wear  and  tear);  and  (there  is  no)  substitute  for  tho?-- 
ough-going,  ardent  and  sincere  earnestness.  Never 
to  put  one  hand  to  anything  (on  which)  (I  could)  throw 
my  whole  self,  and  never  (to  affect)  depreciation  (of 
my)  work,  whatever  (it  was,)  (I  find)  now  (to  have 
been)  my  golden  rules. — DICKENS 

What  an  Educated  Man  Ought  to  Know 

(An  educated)  man  (ought  to)  know  three  things. 
First,  where  (he  is)— (that  is  to  say,)  what  (sort  of  a) 
world  (he  has)  got  into  ;  how  large  (it  is  ;)  what  kind 
of  creatures  live  (in  it)  and  how  ;  (what  it  is)  made  of 
and  (what  may  be)  made  (of  it.)  Second/y,  where  (he 
is)  going — (that  is  to  say,)  what  chances  or  ?-eports 
(there  are)  of  any  world  besides  this ;  what  seems  (to 
be)  the  nature  (of  that  other)  world.  Third/y,  what 
(he  had)  best  do  (under  the)  circumsta nces— (that  is  to 
say,)  what  kind  of  faculties  he  possesses;  (what  are 
the)  present  state  and  wants  of  mankind ;  (what  is  his) 
place  (in  society ;)  (what  are  the)  readiest  means  (in 
his)  power  of  obtaining  happiness  and  diffusing  it. 
The  man  who  knows  these  things  and  (has  his)  will  so 
subdued  (in  the)  /earning  (of  them)  (that  he  is)  ?*eady 
(to  do)  (what  he)  knows  he  ought,  (is  an)  educated 
man ;  (and  the)  man  who  knows  them  not  is  uneduca- 
ted, though  he  could  talk  (a/1  the)  tongues  of  Babel. 

—BUSKIN 

*0f  the  is  written  with  the  halving  principle  to  avoid  conflicting 
with  of  a. 


LESSON   XXXV 
WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 

215  The  next  work  to  be  done  is  to  learn  the  con- 
tractions and  words  out  of  position.    Many  of  them 
have  been  given   in   connection   with   the   previous 
lessons. 

216  With  this  lesson,  is  given  the  complete  list 
and  a  reading  exercise  which  contains  all  of  them. 

217  After  studying  the  list  to  some  extent,   "An 
Inconsequent  History"  should  be  read,  and  written 
again  and  again,  until  it  can  be  read  and  written  with- 
out hesitation  and  without  errors. 

WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 
According -to  _.T..  already. _/7. 

accordingly.  !7___.  altogether..  7!!?. 

acknowledge .  7  _T7. . ./ . .  .4  among .  .-*-/ . 
administratrix kr>^j?T7?       an,  and..*... 


advantage  //  /  _  .  £-9—  -/>  -  angel  .  /.  JU»  .  .  <l—  .  . 

)  y~\ 


i     \  I  i 

advertise  .?  ______  A  .  •._!?.  *^  antagonistic  . 

almost,  .C?--  archangel...^.. 


archbishop  --A- 
\ 
architect-ure  „  _ 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  139 

belief -ve  A- ,AA.__L: ^A- 

k    fc       A          \ 


belong.  - 

architectural  -_~X^.--  beneficial 

-N   I 

aristocracy-  tic—  3  ____  benignant- 

artificial.-  between  ____  J. 
\J    ^J'  ^  G 

as..0..  beyond-L... 

astonish-ed  .  }_  .•.  _  ...  .  _  _^  .  .  bishopric  _____ 


\.  \_  V  -  4  - 
\    \. 


]_/._  L    .. 


awe  . 

Bankrupt 


bankruptcy  _- 


brethren  ..  V  . 


\^. 


baptism 

baptist-—.. 

because 


before.\-\r5. 
began.  -TTrl- 
begin  _..„„.. 
begun.  _TTT5._ 


brother.  _\__ 
but_.\-. 

Cabinet „_ 

can.. ~._  . 
capableTTX.._\>. 

captain 

careful.!: 

catholic S_. 

celestial-ly_/Z. 
certificate 


140  PHONOGRAPHY 

change  _ jf.  </    _./_>/  77!  county.  .7!.  _ 

^o 
v— /      ^     ^/  I 

-_^._-_^rrZ-_  December__<Jr^_ 

characteristic .    Tr--..     defendant...!... 

charge  _ :. .____ . ./- AL _ _ _ /P_ .  degree . - „__ - . 


children  __/L_  delinquency  _______  |-._ 

Christian  ______  1_^_...*I^L._    delinquent  ____ 


P 

circumstance  _.!_-  deliver./!..     f._f._J!.__f_.. 

circumstantial  __y._  ...^(.---^A-  _________ 

citizen..  -P..  democracy-tic 


collect-r-  _____  1.  ____  i.-c  ______  •  democrat  -Irr 

come  -  _-^  -  _  _-     .  describe 


. 

contingency-.L  _____  descriptive_?r\-^- 

controversy  ____  «..k_.        develop  _ 


correct^  ______  -^  ____  i-<^  _____  :  did._-j- 

- 


diff  er-ence-ent  .  L  _      1  .  . 


cross-examine  _________        difficult-y 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 


141 


dignity  .-J.- 
discriminate  -L. 


especial-ly 

establish  _\A. 
evangelical.. 


distinct. 


distinguish L. 

1  ^ 
Dr.  (doctor).... 


executrix. 

-L_^--l-  experience."^! 
extraordinary. 


doctrine  ../I., 
dollar.-.' 
domestic 
during..  1.  . 


familiar  _ 


Effect-is— k, 

electric.-^ 

electrical-ly._.C 
electricity---^, 
endeavor.  .Ti... 


familiarity.. 
February... ^ 
financial-ly. 
first..S« 


form 


equality 


142 


PHONOGRAPHY 


frequent  ^L.c^:^!      _health-y/TL  __/£_- /I,  _ 

v»         I  I     \*f  V.  Vo 

from-.d 
Gave_r^--. 

general-ly.  J/-.  heaven 

generationA.JL  _%_ 

r         / 

gentleman. /..  help 

gentlemen.^--  _ 

..^-  her..? 

govern 

_.xrrOs. 

Great  Britain. <^\..  his-5__ 

Had...!..  history  _^- 

half.Sr.  I... '. 

halve.-Sr.  immediate.^^.-^^^^- 

x 9 

has.__°. 
hath-Ji.. 

indignity. 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 


143 


indispensable-y^.^V.         large 

inf  er^OT^w^L^^ 

influence  _s__s^_>_  length-y_.rA 


VO           ^o 

-\        long  (adj.)  s   ^          ^^ 

inscribe  ^       a~    ^~ 

Malignant                          -• 

insurance 

intelligence  &  ->/-    ^ 

/  X.    manufactory          ^^ 

intelligent  ^  5fs~ 

manufacture         S= 

interrogatory  v    r"^ 

manufacturer  _  .     ^ 

January  ^ 

Massachusetts  ^~^ 

jr.  (junior)...^., 
jurisprudence    7  . 

member-irx- 

memoranda             ' 

°\ 
Kingdom 

memorandum 

knew 

mental  ^L. 

knowledge      ' 

misdemeanor   ^~\ 

Language.  .  . 

mistake  <^~^  —  ^~b  —  ^~~n-^> 

laneruish.L..^.. 

144 


PHONOGRAPHY 


Mr.  (mister)—     _  number \A. 

Mrs 0,  oh___/__ 

mistook ob'ject— \_ 

mortgage  _  -  f77>r: .  ob  ject'  _\  _\|_ .  _\_  _ . \_ . 

mortgagee  -  _ _'    ^~^_ .  objection  _\i  _  _  _\A  _ 

movement.^,  observation  _\—  _ 

Neglect—  v-^rrr--  — s^^rrL—  of__<r_. 

negligence --v^x.-c^.  opportunity_.A__ 

negligent.  __i^^,--  owe./..-! /—.<_. 

ncver.^rfk^....  Parliament.  .X.    ._VT7 

Y\&\7£H*'t~  rl^kl^CC  *^^   ^s\    f  "K\Ovf"      \      \l         N      ^y  N       \r 

J  1C  V  CI  LlldCoo _^!T_  1^1 iJdl  v I • 

new  .— ^ /^~, _<^_<.^s>_ .^  particular ^ 

7* 
New  York _      __ _a   _ 

notwithstanding peculiarity \r^_. 

November I^w_.  pecuniary. 

now...^.  people..S... 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 


145 


performance \.  _^_ .  privilege.  -V. . 

perpendicular.V  _.  probability 
perpendicularity  \    .,.V.  probable-y 

phonographer_.  proportion 

phonographic.  ..^T:  public-sh 
phonography..  \-/^- 

plaintiff._.\._  Qualify 
. 

popular-ity  A._Vn  \.  quality. 

\    ^\ 
possible-y  .  ..  \  ..  quarter 

practicable-y .  >r^  _'T7^v . . .  question  cu^_ .  _75?. 

\ 
practical-ly *:  Recollect. 

\   <\  \  V  o 

practice  . .  _N  „_____:.._..       recollection .  _ ,/. _ 

preliminary_.?vx^r>.  recoverable  /^.. 

prerogative...^  refer-ence_. 

preservation  _ .  _\i  _  _  regular 

principal-le.  5\ .  f\.  _<V^A  .. 


146 


PHONOGRAPHY 


regularity .... /  _  _  _       Roman  Catholic .  XL.  JL. 

religion ,/_  _  _  .TV?  -         San  Francisco .  _ 

(//  '  /  p    <2^£L_ 

remark  _  _hrC\>?)^7)^- .  satisfaction . .  _ 

^                                           I/   I/  ^y 
remember. _Vr^  __ATS . -jcr^ r  satisfactory  _ ~ 5. . 

remembrance  __rV-^-_  — *^__. 

represent  _  ^C\  .^\  j .  /\. .  savings-bank .  - .  v^  . 

^\-_<rra^\.--  Savior v^._ 

representation  ^\)_<-3s^\)  September. 
republic-sh  Z^_/^V/\  _.  several- .x. 

.^\-_.  °  shall... ^. 

repugnant-Zlxs -ZN^.  should....^.. 

signify  _ 

responsibility.   A___  A. .     similar  _  I 

'      O          C"    O  <J     N  Q 

responsible-y_^_»  ..*JL..  similarity 

resurrection,  __^_  singular  -_--^-- 

Rev.  (reverend)  _^XS^__  somewhat.  _.<j>. 

revolutionary  _ .  ,^>/_  southern C . 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 


147 


speak.  .?  ____  \  _____  9___^=&.__  that_A_ 

\      \       \ 

-_  the._.-_ 

them_(_-_\2._ 

I 

\ 

_-V-.%-  these..  X— 

\ 

thing. 


j-- 


specification 
spoke  .A 

subject  A  ..A 
i 
c 

subjection  ___\j 

o 

subjective : 

suggestion  _.</_ 
superficial-ly 
superintendent.- 
surprise. 


think  .(  .\_-_/__  ..^^. 
?!    — 


together.  .-^_ 

1 
transubstantiation  .  _  cL 

truth  .1  .  .  ^.. 

____  J___ 


swear 

swift     __P  ____  ^_.      >r  ____  Understood  _. 

^    v_  ^  %J     x_p 

sw^re-!^--,-^-.  United  States-  -£- 

sympathy  .^..517—  ^—  universe..  ./r.. 

^  ^  ^—  S  \ 

"  1    1  ^° 

usual-ly..  J  ____  .v 

" 


system  .....  P    .^r:. 


Thank-ed 


148 

well. 


were-. 


what 


PHONOGRAPHY 

without.  A. 

world., 

worth.  C..AL.L- 

worthy .( A. 

would  ___•>,___ 
i.xt  A.  Year^.^r.  -  .^. 

A&..C.        r 


advantage-./.       for_A^_     truth__.[.      where..  - 
altogether..  "77?.    him./rrv.    were._.x-    which  ../ 


gentleman..      of  ..--.-        what.._ 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 
WRITTEN  IN  FULL 


149 


another 

go 

other.  A.. 

any 

over.  >  _ 

do     1 

held 

s 

found 

myself  ^ 

send 

their  )     ( 
there  \  ' 

An  Inconsequent 

History 

a  P 

?,  'E 

V  ~  ~° 

-x--Lasked-^rs_t 

/         1 
o  take...-/-...-^/. 

J 

l_ff^_..  L_to_.         .__•—— _-<rr^_ 


-to. 


\ 


./..A 


150 


PHONOGRAPHY 


-.-SV  ^___  V 

o 


.    _/._L  not- 


This  it—  /T_  A 

o 


preaching.  .JLa.  .  1  not 


____  .  _TT.  .  I  .no.^  .to  A  .  a?,  .on  .  _.V  .  ^.  .^-j,.  .".  even  _  _  .  _  _^_ 


P 

.L 


on 


(  V  -^  ( 


in. 


.—.  a..vto._  ...c^..  :..     ..^?. 


to  make  _______ 


x-x^-^  I        \ 

a  ________  -book.....  —in 


r~>. 


are 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 


151 


a.-—.*i.- 

i 
Brown  _Ss_.  ready 


to_/.it 


A  — 


said . .  -TT^ .  .o_ . . ~ .  at. .  „ shown  _  ^r^  -, 

(a  \x 

to  pay.... 


again  .„..£ 

gon)_ 

she  met. 


^    ^ 


Patter- 


.it. 


\ 
. 


continue 


.  .strokes 


strokes 


152 


PHONOGRAPHY 


T^._^— Lin  a-^/ wayiL.ji L_wc_x.J 


.to. 


A.  .we  ..r^. 


\ 

_-._\-  x__to  this  class 

~L- 


•^-s  /  / 

.so..  ^x. ._  -. though. :..._ no 


mere .71 _-/rT_.it_x.._It^6_also^ \.  in  a 


by.  _ .  \ . . . .  rrrS... .  V_  =  crowded  x  _  _  >^?_to  being  un- 
der _\i  to.*_  _  °--. — D    or  *  K~\_P — D_it_    .y^X—.-to 

o 

,.l 


ifone 


.it  nor  mention  it.k,-/Lto _~N ./../.._ \_simply 


_errors 


•   xu        V 

s___thus.S_. 

• 


..J-.-in 


Qo 


\  .  .evidences  .^.  A  attending  a_ 


f-t-  -note-- 

i                     /                                                   ^ ^x  \ 
.  _^rrl .  SL  -  -  -  j/- . condition .  ^ ... ..  ^  pa rty .  d  not _\. 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  153 

/. races_o_,x  ^rA/TT.S -L-!T-_L  temperaments  "_it--y. 

)  (       c\         <l  /7 

not ..^ . one _>_._. A.^.^ _\care  to  J A  .are  not_s^<^>- 

^-<^.__L^ '--\._in   avoiding _-S\ ---remedies  even 

V  /V.          ^ 

though-.\Jc_.v.^..hri_-.^-Our_<--  cities.  ?../__  -<^T. 

-N                                              •  <\ 
to._A--taste  although  it_._*dL.JU.    rrr.uselessx To- 

I o        ^-^ 

day  _£^ -  -  ^plays  such _h  _ .  _ . .  %. .  L^-     _  .engineer 

must  be in  placing ...C^=^ .plant jc.-\.a _TA..disser- 

\,  ;  \ 

tation not.,  i-so  this__-rl_not  be_T!<-.*..Itw^:— \ 


^  b  connected 

_  -  _  _\  -x.  ______  >  ____  >^^\.  .  _  .  5s_.  this  nor  _\  _  .  _:.  however 

A 


it  may  be  stated. 


LESSON    XXXVI 
WRITING  EXERCISE 

KEY  TO   "AN  INCONSEQUENT  HISTORY" 

An  intelligent  young  man  having  become  antago- 
nistic because  a  citizen  would  cross-examine  him,  to- 
gether with  his  domestic,  as  to  religion,  spoke  to  an 
archbishop  who  was  familiar  with  his  history,  and 
asked  him  to  take  charge  of  the  controversy.  The  Ro- 
man Catholic  gentleman  was  astonished  at  the  sugges- 
tion, but  thanked  the  youth  for  the  opportunity  it  gave 
him  to  develop  his  doctrine,  and  help  his  generation. 
His  brethren,  nevertheless,  were  of  the  opinion  that 
he  should  discriminate  somewhat  as  to  quality  and  gave 
him  the  privilege  to  acknowledge  his  responsibility  and 
establish  his  belief.  Another  circumstance  should  be 
understood  as  possibly  distinguishing  between  preroga- 
tive and  principle ;  the  youth  mistook  the  movement 
for  a  financial  performance,  and  began  to  practice  his 
malignant  familiarity,  which  was  a  new  thing  in  the 
experience  of  the  evangelical  brother,  who  swore  some- 
what, but  yet  did  not  go  beyond  the  dignity  of  his  cath- 
olic, Christian  endeavor. 

ThiSj  it  is  well  for  you  to  remember,  was  in  New 
York  before  the  first  of  January,  when  the  Doctor  was 
preaching  transubstantiation,  a  truth  not  generally 
held,  and  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  a  plenipoten- 

154 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  155 

tiary  from  San  Francisco,  a  member  of  Parliament 
from  Great  Britain,  and  other  representative  people 
were  particular  as  to  the  perpendicularity  of  his  belief. 
An  angel  from  heaven  could  have  had  no  difficulty  to 
establish  intelligence  on  the  subject  of  insurance  ;  and 
even  the  archangels,  who  dwell  on  the  resurrection, 
have  found  that  knowledge  altogether  without  impor- 
tance in  the  peculiar  contingency.  The  fact  is,  a 
Southern  gentleman,  a  superintendent,  to  whom  the 
question  was  given,  began  to  make  memoranda  with 
reference  to  jurisprudence  in  the  celestial  world,  and 
to  inscribe  in  phonographic  characteristics  his  own  rec- 
ollections and  observations,  and  to  speak  of  the  objec- 
tions and  advantages  of  a  republic.  A  swift  phono- 
grapher  with  a  memorandum-&oofc  had  part  in  the  con- 
troversy, and  several  other  capable  gentlemen,  among 
them  a  manufacturer,  who  was  a  captain  and  a  Demo- 
crat, began  to  remark  on  the  effects  of  an  aristocracy. 
The  County  Democracy,  who  are  responsible  for  much 
neglect  and  misdemeanor,  and  who  during  February, 
September,  November,  and  December  of  each  year 
manufacture  revolutionary  language  for  the  Legisla- 
ture, gave  a  satisfactory  description  of  the  difference 
between  the  plaintiff  and  defendant ;  and  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Broivn,  ever  ready  to  deliver  his  opinion,  or  to  change 
it  on  any  subject  for  a  dollar,  said,  notwithstanding 
his  surprise  at  the  indignity  shown  him,  he  would  never 
again  have  sympathy  for  a  system  without  a  pecuniary 
object.  Mrs.  Patterson*  was  coming  from  the  savings- 

*See  page  158. 


156  PHONOGRAPHY 

bank  with  the  money  to  pay  the  mortgage  when  she 
met  the  mortgagee. 

I  remember  a  time,  now  past,  when  preliminary 
bankruptcy  was  healthy,  and  would  influence  people  to 
swear ;  but  do  not  infer  from  this  that  any  bankrupt 
would  think  it  practicable  to  do  so.  According  to  021?* 
distinct  remembrance  the  architectural  bishopric  was 
circumstantial  and  artificial,  and  no  certificate  of  bap- 
tism could  dignify  the  mistake,  or  qualify  the  probabil- 
ity to  the  satisfaction  of  the  junior  member.  The 
peculiarity  of  the  half  length  in  phonography  is  singu- 
lar, but  practical,  and  its  preservation,  because  indis- 
pensable, will  probably  continue  as  usual,  notwith- 
standing the  number  of  perpendicular  strokes  out  of 
proportion.  These  do  not  signify  where  similar  strokes 
come  together  in  a  regular  way.  Regularity  is  what 
we  owe  to  system.  Wealth  lies  in  that  quarter,  and 
worth.  Your  benignant  people  belong  to  this  class, 
and  to  them  we  shall  send  a  savior.  Superficially, 
truth  hath  her  home  here,  and  has  had,  oh,  so  long  ! 
The  immediate  kingdom,  though  large,  is  no  mere  man- 
ufactory, as  I  recollect  it  It  is  also  recoverable  in  a 
degree  by  the  public  and  never  overcrowded.  Next  to 
being  under  subjection  to  an  executrix,  or  an  adminis- 
tratrix, it  is  repugnant  to  have  a  representation  in  the 
Cabinet,  especially  if  one  can  govern  himself,  or  ad- 
vertise what  is  already  begun,  or  almost  to  begin.  As 
this  is  altogether  beneficial  I  need  not  describe  it,  nor 
mention  it  for  children  to  hear  with  awe  ;  but  simply 
collect  the  facts,  and  correct  the  errors,  and  thus  halve 
the  difficulties  inartificially  and  in  due  form.  To  this 


WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  157 

regularity  no  one  could  specially  object ;  because  the 
frequent  and  peculiar  evidences  of  popularity  attending 
a  similarity  of  movement  everybody  *  knew. 

I  myself  a  worthy  but  delinquent  baptist  note  that, 
financially  speaking,  the  general  condition  of  the 
Democratic  party  is  not  important,  but  equality  of 
races  is ;  nevertheless,  people  differ  according  to  differ- 
ent temperaments,  and  it  should  not  astonish  any  one 
that  the  wealthy  give  special  care  to  health,  are  not 
negligent  of  mental  development,  and  believe  in 
avoiding  superficial  remedies,  even  though  popular. 
The  principal  architecture  of  our  large  cities  has 
especial  reference  to  aristocratic  taste,  although  it  is 
inartificial  and  practically  useless.  To-day  electricity 
plays  such  an  important  part  that  the  electrical  en- 
gineer must  be  careful  in  placing  the  electric  plant. 
But  a  lengthy  dissertation  is  not  possible,  so  this  shall 
not  be  long.  It  will  probably  represent  the  celestially 
inclined,  and  refer  to  an  interrogatory  or  two  indispen- 
sably connected  with  the  subject.  Thank  nobody  *  for 
this,  nor  publish  the  fact,  however  responsibly  it  may 
be  stated.  This  will  not  do  to  republish,  for  oh,  it  is  so 
flat.  Extraordinary  things  happen  in  the  United 
States. 


*See  note  page  36. 


PROPER  NAMES 

In  proper  names  a  small  circle  and  N  curl  may  be 
written  to  represent  the  syllable  son  even  where  the  N 
stem  does  not  make  an  awkward  outline  (par.  91): 

-A-Addison,.A-Dawson,__^_.Atchison. 

In  proper  names  a  small  circle  and  N  curl  may 
be  written  within  a  ter  hook,  also  within'  an  N  hook 

on  curved  stems  :_._.-^.._-Patterson, \__ .Peterson, 

.^^~~§,  _.  Henderson. 

In  proper  names  the  syllable  wood  may  be  writ- 
ten with  the  half-length  W  :.. ^r^W^CV_  Underwood, 

__7T7T"^?_  .Collingwood. 

Proper  names  should  always  have  the  accented 
vowel  inserted :  -17-^^-^..  -  -  Cunningham,  ...  Chat- 
tanooga. 

The  syllable  Con  at  the  beginning  of  proper  names 
is  not  always  represented  by  a  dot,  but  may  be  oc- 
casionally :_._..^_.  Con  way,  __-_/_ -Condit,_H^^__  Con- 
fucius, _'.  ~ .  Concord,  _  _  £_,_  _ .  Constantinople. 


In  writing  proper  names  the  H  tick  may  be  used 
before  consonants  other  than  K,  G,  and  M    (par.  89) : 

J__  -Manhattan,  ___i;^7_  Harrison. 

Proper  names  beginning  with   0  generally  have 

the   sign  joined  :_]7^-_-0'Connell,_: O'Hara, 

.O'Leary,. 


15S 


HELPFUL  PHRASES 


absolutely  necessaryA— T_  do  you  ever L_. 

again  and  again___.-rra_^-  do  you  have__.l__ 


all  the  time. 


at  any  rate, 
at  feat—t- 
at all  events 
at  all  times . 
at  last-_L__ 
at  least.  . 
at  some  time 
at  the  same 
at  the 


Eastern  States 
fellow  citizens. .o. 


for  example -_Vj*rTs__. 
for  instance__kj>— 
for  the  purpose  of_-A 
from  the 
good  while- 
good-will-. 
I  am  not___ 
I  cannot—' 


bank  account..  >rrr^_.      I  could  not. 


bank 

by  express. - 

Constitution  of  the 
United  States 

day  time._tr>_ 


-- 


I  mean  to 

in  consequence 

in  consideration. .  u._ 
in  order 

159 


PHONOGRAPHY 

seems  to  be 


_^rzv._ 


Tr 

Southern  States... V 

b 

to  sell J-. 

to  use.. 

6 
to  other. 

to  their.  J... 
to  the. 
to  it., 


160 

in  reference  . 

in  regard 

in  return. ... 
more  and  more.^^ 
more  or  less.. so/C 
most  likely. /rr^TTT. 
much  more— /r>. 
must 
must  not 
no,  sir... 

Northern  States —    vice-president— V* 

of  said  — 1 .  _  years  of  age . . . 

of  such..  /__  years  o\A...^i- 

on  the  contrary Y...     yes,  sir _D- 

one  or  more —7 
one  or 

right  or  wrong.... 'C you 

Secretary  of  State__or£-     you  are  not      . 
Secretary  of  War..crfN-     you  were  not.— . 


to  them. 
to  that—  L. 


. ^z 


LEGAL  WORDS  AND  PHRASES 


Abstract . 
abstract  of  ti 


accessible..  .A., 
adjournment..  /,._ 
adjustment ...(/_. 
administrator. . .  1^ 
administration., 
administratrix 
administrate 
administered  . 
affiant...^-. 
affidavit  _.XV-. 

aforesaid 

alimony 

allegation .  _£L? 


appearance., 
appellate  __  _\T_ 
appellant.  ...V!_ 

appurtenances  A/^-^-r? 

?\ 

ascertain../. 

as  follows SL_ 

assignee  ...V. . 

assignment ... 

assigns.  ..r.  . 
Bargained..^-., 
before  and  after 
bill  of 


Borough  of  / 
Brooklyn     ( 

Borough  of  /    \/ 
Manhattan 

borrower.  _ 


Cause  of  action. 

161 


162  PHONOGRAPHY 

causes  of  action covenant.. m\^_ 

chattels../^.  Deceased L__ 

.    p 
Circuit  Court. _°\^_  default.  __d__ 

City  of  New  York. .P. '  defendant's  counsel— 


P. 


City  and  County  I  demurrer 

f  "t: 


deponent- 
description 

devise...^-. 

disbursements  _ .  .L^_ . 
Va 

dismissal  _- 
distance 


of  New  York 
commonwealth 

competent.- 
consignee.  .. 
consignment 

consignor 

p 
constitute 

copartnership ^. .  _       duly  sworn ."_ . 

copy  of  your  I     ~\^J^     E    t 
answer          |  -  -y 

Corporation  I  ^-A^^-^^    easterly 
Counsel        I"  ^T"         'ny" 


counsel. 


CourtyHouse  )  -  eastward.. 

County  of  I       ~*~7^ 

New  York)-  eastwardly 


eastern.. 


LEGAL  WORDS  AND  PHRASES 


163 


good  will. 


?' 


grantee "iTT. 

grantor.  ..^ 
guarantor. ^—^-- 
guardian. 


endorse, 
endorsed 
endorsement 

Sw_ 

endorsing .... 

entitle /: 

equity 

evidence...' 

executed. 

executors 

expedient  _  — 

expiration \/.       hereinbefore.^.." 


hereafter, 
hereby. 


j 
hereinafter. 


Foreclosure. - 


hereof-.rv- 
hereto..^— 


foregoing..  A 

for  the  purpose  of k^..  heretofore. 

\> 

forthwith .  ^^\  -  -  I  give 

funeral  ..L.  immunities 


-\ 


Gentlemen  of  the  jury.^..  in  accordance. 


164  PHONOGRAPHY 

in  consideration... L—  Lastly. 

incumbrances .5. 

indebtedness— ^i— $..  Maintenance— 

indenture.. ^^1—  mortgage— C^ 

individually yc_  _  mortgagee . .  — 

in  full..  mortgagor 

^^ 

>  ^ 

in  pursuance -L  North 

^-^\JL^5> 

in  relation.. <z_e//?.  northeast _^ 

in  testimony  I  _  northeasterly.."^ 
whereof         I   — =f          ,,  ^  ^  _ 

in  this  action northeastern 

"X_D 

interpleader.,  ^^-rr^—  northerly 

inventory..  „ ..^r.  northern 

irrelevant.. TVT}?-  northwest 

Jointly ^—  northwesterly 

jurisdiction..  -2^--  northwestern. 

Justice  of  I        /  •  i 

the  Peace  f -<o-  notarial-    .., 


LEGAL  WORDS  AND  PHRASES 

notary  public ..."TTJ^X---  promissory . 
of 


165 


York7  (       -t         Pursuance__V^- 


of  the  State  of  ( J»  f_    Real  and  personal 
New  York        l       bO- 

of  this  action 

on  or  after., 
on  or  before 


or  otherwise. 
Parallel....^-. 


real  estate.  _, 

recover.. 

recovery. 

referee.. 

registrar../^\-_ 


per  annum 

per 

personal  estate  __ 

petitioner 


respondent 
Same  place  .__tfr 
set  forth._Ir^L 
severally 
signature 


place  of  business  _.-_-V  ____  situate 


-/>- 
plaintiff's  attorney. __\ situated.. ... 

peremptory.  .!\^XL.  southeast... 


166 


£~ 

southeasterly . .?. . 

southeastern 

southern  __.k. 
southerly.  _AA7_ 

c 

south  wardly..  .TJC. 

c 

south  west..  _-T!Y 

southwesterly... 

(° 
southwestern . .  hv 

State  of  New  York 
subpoena., 
subscribed 
subscriber, 
substitute.  _. 

substituted 

i| 

summons.  _^s&. 

supplementary 

<? 
supposed..  .->*>. 


PHONOGRAPHY 

Supreme  Court.  _<>s 
Surrogate's  Court. 
Take  notice. 
temporary... 
testamentary.  .  bx 

testator  ____  L_ 

.J 
testatrix  -p—  n.- 

that  he  is 

that  he  was  ____    ~ 

that  is  to 

thereafter 

C 

thereat.  _\__ 

thereby  _____  :\._ 

therefor.X  _. 
therefore.  ..(  __ 
therefrom.Vr^- 
therein_./?_ 


^ 


LEGAL  WORDS  AND  PHRASES 


thereinto  _-£  ____ 

C  n 

thereof.--!. 


thereon 


C 


thereto.— />__ 

thereunder. 

thereunto. 


c  ' 

thereupon..  V. 

o 

therewith {!. 

to  take  place.: 

transcript .  .tll^.  TNO 

Verified v^.. 

Warrant..?.. 
well  acquainted 
westerly  ...7 
westward.— 
westwardly 
western  _.._15._ 


what  is  your JL.. 


whereat...  __L 

whereby..  /\ 

wherefore. 

wherein..^ 

whereof.... 

whereon... 

wheresoever..^ 

whereupon 

wherever..  xr_ 

wherewith. 

wherewithal 


ithal._x4._ 


where  do  you ) 
reside  I 

witnesseth 
whomsoever 
whosoever. ., 


OUTLINES   DISTINGUISHED 


abandoned  \    N 
abundant 

above     \  \ 
before  "~\J 

absolute    V    'Y 

obsolete  " 


administrator 
demonstrator 


adoration  [/>     'T 
duration 


advance 
defiance 


abundant. 


accession 

accusation 

causation 


account 
amount 
cotton 
kind 


advantage   J  / 
see  abandoned  J°v 

adverse     \     L 
e  diverse    -Var— -^•< 


_  . 

J 


advert 
divert 


advice 
advise 
device 


icej  I 

isej    vb" 


accusation  ____ 


acute    . 

cute 

adamant   'I       IT 
demand    .i?___t^_._ 

diamond 


administered 
administrate 
demonstrate 


affect 
effect 

affirm 
confirm 
form 
conform 


administration!        9 

rlaTVirvTiofxrifJ/^-r.  *--  ~^"  —  ^« 


H- 


affirmation 
confirmation 
formation 
conformation 

affix  .. 

fix      -Vc^ii>--- 


168 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 


169 


after 

for 

of 


afterward 

forward 

froward 

again 

altogether 

together 


agent  / 

gentlemen 

almost    s~^>    ^, 
most 


.   V^ 


anybody 
nobody 


anyone 

no  one  ._c-.,s^- 

none      3 


anything 
nothing 


apart 

part 

party 


C\ 


fl 


altitude 
latitude 


altogether '..see  again 

amount.^.. see  account 


animal 
anomaly 


annexed 
next 


appertain 
pertain 

apportion 
portion 
operation 
oppression 

apposition     -      v 
opposition     V    V 
possession 
position 


.>..*...V-v- 


approbation 

probation 

prohibition 


anomaly see  animal  appropriate} 

^,  /  purport 

anterior        IX  ^_^^  /  property 

interior  propriety 

any  appropriation 

no      -<^^^-s.^.  preparation 

own  proportion 


\) 


170                                           PHON( 

are        ^ 
where  ..     /  ^ 

)GRAPHY 

available         o        i  ^. 
valuable  .^y   ^^x    v/  x 
voluble     £ 

avocation  i 
vacation  )  _^  —  ^    V.,  p 

were 
arm  ~V-^    ~\—  > 

army 

ashore      ;  j? 
shore  "  ~"A"  '" 

assure      , 

vocation  i 
avoid  V      ^ 

void 
avoiding    V.        ^-x 

a    i  i.' 

sure     "^--j??- 
assured      , 

fighting        \^ 
bank     X_^  —   \  

shrewd  -<(   ~y~ 
atheism  (        - 

j.i-    •               o-T\     L 

panic 
bank  note    ^-^-^^  ^ 

theism            ~t 
atheist  (     / 

J-1            '      L            -Vl_           I 

bank  account 

barber  i  <\    "X 
briber  j  -*-^w    v/ 

theist        ^; 

atheistic    ,        , 
theistic  ~~k^-~~\>~~ 

atonement   .      .      . 
attainment  .  t»..k    L_x^ 

bribery 

barley    "Nf      \/ 
u       i  — 

barrel 
beautiful 

tenement 

attainable     I      1 
tenable     "v"   ~\~ 

attainment.  _U. 
see  atonement 

auditor       L     \j 
daughter  r    ) 
doubter    } 

pitiful                  f»     i 
before,  \s_see  above  ^~ 

beheld    v      \_ 
behold  -V- 

berth  )    v     s 
birth  \  -Vt._!V.. 
breath                 ( 

OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 


171 


blast     \   V 

plaster  " 

blasted      \  V 

plastered  " 

c 

blaster 
plasterer" 


blasting 
plastering  " 

board    \ 
bread  "  ^ 


breath  .-'V- see  berth 

breed } 

brute  I  -N-«V-- 

brood 


captam-^7^^-_see  cabin 


caricature 
character 


causation see  accession 

P     & 

caused 
cost 

— f 

caustic  —o — 
exotic  " 

character.  - 


see  caricature 


chlorate 
chloride 


\ 

.. \X_ 


collision 
bribery. -\X... see  barber    collusion  -£i; 


bright    %    \ 
broad  "        ~T~~ 

brood --SV-- see  breed 


brute_^_-see  breed 
\  _ 

cabin        ~\ 
captain 


cajole 
cudgel 

capital 
capitol 


collapse  f\    c 

eclipse  "  "V" 

collation ^^^. see  coalition 
collision --._-,,.- see  coalition 
collusion  -  _ ..  f?--  see  coalition 


coming 
going 


172 


PHONOGRAPHY 


communication  . 
connection 


copy 
occupy 


comparative  .     —  v     \       cordially 
cooperative  .^,-_-^Vj^V  gradually 
operative 

cork    «^- 

compositor  \  V    \         crack"" 
pastor        .-J9._.^--5__ 

pasture  corn    -^ 

gram" 

condemnation  I       0  I  _ 
domination  ^  '  come.r 

dimension    1  >     crossing  - 

damnation' 

confirm_ 


see  affirm  corporeal 


cost- 


caused 


cotton      ..  see  account 


country 
kindred 


affirmation 


conform_:^r?^-see  affirm 

;  _y          . 

conformation.^^-.  kindred  ' 

see  affirmation  countryman  ^^ 
Connecticut  __.  countrymen  - 

Kentucky  '  crack  !^7__see  cork 

connection..- 


crossing  __________  see  corner 


crammed 
see  communication  cramped 

consider   Q 
construe  "l~~ 

\.  cudgel  7T-.  see  cajole 

cooperative  ______  y\«-  - 

see  comparative  cute.^.see  acute 


see  administered 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED  173 

damnation. hT^rr?.  demand,  j^.. see  adamant 

see  condemnation  demonstrate_.U- 
daughter. .  _r .  see  audito  r 

dear  n 

true   _L__o__L 
truth  S^  ' 

debtor     I 

editor  ' 

decease   •      , 
disease  ~o~~*" 


demonstration.  K 


, 
*" 


deceased ) 
desist      I-U--1- 
diseased     P   "> 


dedicate 

detect 

deduct 


;.t_L, 

tion    - 

MWi-l    -U^- 
tion  j   L_3 


T    .u. 
see  administration 

demonstrator.  kra»  _.  _ 

see  administrator 

desist..    .-_i_- .see  deceased 

P 

destination  .        . 

destine       .L L.i^.. 

distinction    [^  J     ^^ 

detect _L. see  dedicate 
detection 


see  dedication 
device. l^.-see  advice 

T 

diamond.:?. .see  adamant 

dimension  .Ut^j2. 
see  dedication  see  condemnation 

disease.  J_  .see  decease 
diseased.  L._see  deceased 

distinction  -U-^- 

see  destination 


dedication 

detection 

deduction 

deduct -L- see  dedicate 
deduction.! 


defer 
defray 


defiance..       ..see  advance 
defray. .  J . .  see  c?e/er 


174 


PHONOGRAPHY 


distribute  i      |x\ 
disturb       b  " 


else   's~° 
less  J 


diverse.  :C^.  -  -  see  averse     emigrate 

immigrate  ^ 
divert  .Icy  ..see  advert          migrate 

emigration  ' 
immigration 
see  condemnation  migration 


domination.. 


doubter..       ee  auditor 


imply 

duration --L  .see  adoration  endless 

needless 
earnestly 

erroneously 


easier 


easier    x        ^ 

easily  --j-—  •)— 

i  eternity 

eclipse.frrv-see  collapse    trinity 


editor 
effect, 


..see 
earnestly 


.see  debtor  Ivery -^  "^— 

see  affect     exotic..    ~_see  caustic 


elder  « 
older  /7_l 
later 

eldest    ^, 

oldest  /.jL-vfL./?. 

latest 


expansive 
expensive 
extensive 

extension 
extenuation 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 


175 


extensive.  TJ^Tx..  fiscal       .          , 

see  expansive  Pnvslca'   ^y-    ^^- 

— v^u  fix..L_.      ..see  affix 

extenuation _=^_ . 

see  extension  fl°a^ 

flowed " 

extract'        ZT~          *)        f      i 

extricate  -.see  after 

extraction       v         ~*\   ^  form.S-O--.see  affirm 
extrication" 

formal-ly 
extricate ."T^L  .see  extract    formerly 

extrication  _7ZL^_ . 

see  extraction  see  affirmation 

o 

fairly  V^^       (.      f  owner -^T:_  .see  farmer 

thoroughly  "^^Y^'  c    _^- 

,      <r~\    P  formerly.  _t£I^_ ..  see  formal 

farmer  \^/         VT~N 

former"  found,  ^..seefind 

favored  I        l  f  -,  C^  f. 

favorite  "   v^~ "     t "  forward .  ^>  _  see  afterward 

fierce     ,         .      o  f  reward.  Lr^.  see  afterward 

furious  -V^- -  -\^s-  • 

.    a  funeral 

fighting  .r^rr'_.  see  avoiding  funereal 

finally     x_^  vt  furious.^  .$. .see  fierce, 
finely  "  ^ 

garden  J 

find  guardian 
found  "   '"£"  .^ 

\f~  garnet    — / 

finely see  finally  granite 


176 


PHONOGRAPHY 


genteel  .  granite -^77^ see  garnet 

genteelly  ~^""^r~f^  ^—, 

gentle-y         ,/- v.  guardian _._»_„ .see  garden 

gentlemanly  .....(.... 

J°intly  guide__7Lsee  God 

gentleman   j  £ 

giant  guilt.       ..  see  gilt 

gentlemanly _^7_see  genteel  happily   V   V"~ 

partly  " 
gentlemen.  y_  .see  agent 

i  hardily    ^         x-   ^ 

giant.^-.see  gentleman      hardly 

heartily 

gilt   )  mortally  j 

guilt  j  -~—.*-.— 

gold  he-him 

me 
go see  come 

held 

God  H  hold-e^ 

guide  " 

^^  her  -^ 

going see  coming   our" 


gradation 
graduation 

gradually. 


..a. 


hereafter 
hereof 

hereat    X 
hereto 


herein 
see  cordially  hereon  "y"  \T"" 

graduation.^..  hereinto 

see  gradation  hereunto 

grain .  «=— s_  see  cor?i  hereof .  r. .  see  hereafter 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 

s~\v 

hereon_:x--— see  herein       imply >._see  employ 

hereto. ^ . . see  hereat         important. 

..seehereinto 

he 


V~7 

hereunto! 


see  impaired 


incessant 
unceasing 


/-i 


himself 
myself 

history  ^-^ 

mystery  "p^" 


hold.  crs..  see  held 


T 


honestly 
nicely 

idleness  -//..--see  dullness 


•i 


immaterially 
immaturely  . 


indebted 

indicted     |  ^.  "~l     — 1 

undoubted  j" 

undated 

indication         ->  ^-^j   _, 
induction 

indicted.^-- see  indebted 

**~1 

induction Lo 

see  indication 

"**•— A 

inevitable       — x          X 
unavoidable""  "\""   "J" 


imminent.      -_see  eminent  ingenious 

ingenuous 
immigrate  -^-^- 


immigration,^^^  interested 

see  emigration  understood 

impaired   ^-N\  ^*\  interiors 

important' 


impassionate 

impassioned 

impatient 


see  anterior 


invasion 


see  innovation 


178 


PHONOGRAPHY 


island    v°  r 
land 

January    f^ 
June  ~~J" 

jointly ^., see  genteel 
joy_/__see  advantage 
June__y__see  January 
Kentucky.  r^w^_. 


licorice 
liquors 

likely 
luckily 

liquors .^71. .  see  licorice 
live  -^\.-  see  leave 
lovely_/^\/7_see  level 
luckily -(T. see  likely 


see  Connecticut  machine  <- 

mission 
kind __Tl- see  account 

machinery 
kindred.^x|-_-see  country  missionary""^!" 

marked    • 


land__'°__see  island 

late    ^-     ,- 

old  "     "  "" 


later _/____ see  elder 
latest./?. .see  eldest 
latitude.^. .. see  altitude 


leave 
live 


less^/^.see  e/se 


level 
lovely 


market 

materially 
maturely 

me see  he 

melt  ^-> 

mold 

melter 

milder^ 

molder 

migrate see  emigrate 

migration  ^~, 

see  emigration 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED  179 

mild.C^.see  melt  myself  .^C^ .see  himself 

milder -CT/___.  see  melter      mystery. _C\  /.see  history 


ministry  "-(X  narrated   ^/l    c^ 

monastery  -^^/~~         ~  quoted 

min  ute  rq>      T^L          needless.^.see  endless 

mi  nute' 

month  next._v_^_see'anneo:ea 

Misses  nicely.. 7T... -see  honestly 

Mrs.    -s~&-~<r%~- 

no-.^-x.see  a^ 
mission. _^.^_ see  machine 

nobody _-^r^_. see  anybody 
missionary... 


mixed  ^x_ ^        no  one_.v_^..see  anyone 


mixture  -    —  /  ^^ 

nothing... k-^.see  anything 
mold-o   see  melt 

'\r 

obsolete. __?... see  absolute 
molder.x^~r^._see  melter 


^^f/  occupy >_  see  copy 

monastery Jc.  , 

see  ministry  of^-.or see  a./2er 


month m_._see  minute  old__>T._see 

mortally j£L  _ . see  hardily  older.  _v^_ .  _ see 

most.s^ . see  almost  oldest. vf. .see  eldest 

^rs-  -  2-5  - see  M™ses  operation  \2.  see  apportion 


180 

operative 


PHONOGRAPHY 

overrun _. see  overran 


see  comparative 


oversaw 

operator    \y^    \  oversee  .Ex- 

porter oversew 

opposition  -.?._ 

see  apposition 

<^  overthrew    « 

oppression.?^,  overthrow  '\fr- 

see  apportion         ^ v 

own see  any 


overtake 
overtook 


oppressor 


pursuer 

other    C     /> 
their  )->— A. 


there  > 
our.._see  her 

over    ^.     o 
very" 

overarch 
overreach 

overdraw 
overdrew 


panic.  -TT7.- see  bank 


Parisian 
Persian  .\.2__ 
Prussian 


part.  \_  see 


^ 


happily 


party.  -        see  apart 
passed     \ 


partner 
part-owner 


overreach.^,.  past"  '"see 

see  overarch  pastor  .._,.  see  compositor 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 


181 


pasture.^...  see  compositor  pitiful.v.-__see  beautiful 


patient  .Xi.  see  passionate   plaster_v,.__  ____  see  blast 

\      s/1 

pattern  " 


patron 


<N    ^ 

__ 
plastered  .-iC..  see  blasted 


paused  N>   see  passed        plasterer...  .  see 

—  ' 


blaster 


. 
permanent  .A^T^.S-^.-.  plastering 


preeminent 
prominent 


see  biastin 


poor 


persecute  x/9-    %-        pure~\^~ 

nvosppiifp  ~~  1 


prosecute 

persecution 
prosecution 


Persia 
Prussia 


<\j 


Persian  _V£/_.  see  Parisian 

pertain..^  .see  appertain 

,  ..    ,.  J 
petrifaction 

putrefaction 


petrified 
putrefied 

petrify 
putrefy 


poorer 
purer 

poorly 
purely 


porter  . 


portion  \ 


operator 
.  see  apportion 


position  __V-  see  apposition 
> 

pOSSession.V- 

see  apposition 
predict 


protect 
preeminent  - 


see  oppressor 
physical  .      ____  see  fisca  I 


see  Permanent 


prefer 
proffer 


182  PHONOGRAPHY 

preparation!^-^..  prosecute.  Jr.  .  see  persecute 

see  appropriation  prosecution.^. 

proscribe  'V^V  see  Persecution 

princes       ~     cv  protect  .^  —  see  predict 

princess  "~~^~~V~ 

o)  Prussia  f\J....  see  Persia 

probation  _\_  _.  see 

^  approbation  Prussian  .'No.,  see  Parisian 
product..:^..  see  predict     pure._x/  see  poor 
proffer..\..see  prefer       purely.^.see  poorly 

prohibition..^  purer.xX-see  poorer 

see  approbation 

^^  purport.X- 

prominent.  ..^rT^r.  .  . 

see  appropriate 
see  permanent 

propertyXl..  purpose-N 

.  .  see  propose 

see  appropriate 

proportion  \   .  pursuer..^  -see 

Nj  i      oppressor 

see  appropriation  \ 

putrefaction..-^...^.. 
propose  \    \/X 
purpose  "\J  see  petrifaction 


propriety  -_^9\-__see  putrefied  .v....  see  petrified 

I  appropriate  4 

c\^  putrefy  .  x^  .  L  see  petrify 

proscribe..  .?rr\-- 

see  prescribe  quoted  frmV-  see  narrated 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 


183 


refinery  "  ~  ~^"""~  "  -^-™"       ruined  -x^--  -  see  renewed 


reflect 


safe 

S0  a  -^  —  ^ 

stove 


registrar 
registry 


scorch    Q  _  fl       / 

scratch  " 

seat      p    p 
settee  "f"~"fc~" 


renewed  send 

ruined     - 

reparation 
repression 

representation  /\     >\ 
reputation 

u 
repression  ^A^.. 

see  reparation 

reputation  ^X\_. 

L, 

see  representation 


— 


separate 
sport        <v 
spread  "        - 
support 


separation     °\, 
suppression  " 

settee  _J?_.  see 

several     ^ 
severally  "" 

shore.  _JLsee  ashore 


184 


PHONOGRAPHY 


shrewd. .    .  see  assured       suppose 

supposed 
situation   />    [, 
station     " 


skill.  f^T...  see 
sofa.JL.-see  safe 
some  _^r^_  see  same 


suppresson.     L  . 

see  separation 


sure -J)--.  see  assure 

tartar 
trader 
traitor 


/i  <\      n 
trader  ..J__..Ji..jI.. 


sport. -\^_ .see  separate       tagte    i      i 

•,  <\  test 

spread . .  _y .  .separate 

taster   \^     \^ 


tester 

tenable-L^-.-see  attainable 

tenement  _L^^.. 

see  atonemcdt 

test .-b__ see 


staid 
steady 

staidness     f 
steadiness 

statesman 
statesmen 

station.. U-. see  situation 

L  tester. bl.. see  taster 

" 
see  staidness  their.  A  ..see  other 

steady. .I ..see  staid  theism.^ ...see  atheism 

stove.-C-.see  safe  theist.^--.see  atheist 

theistic-/---.see  atheistic 


sum. JT^. see  same 

o  f)   ' 

support. \/-_ see  separate     there,  v  _see  othei 


OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED 


185 


these  v    y  use  s~ 

this    7~~y;  yourself  T" 

thoroughly  _\X_ .  see  fairly  vacation .  Ss*™P. . . 

see  avocation 

together  .=— .see  again  r\ 

valiant      V 

,      n  violent  "•" 

trader.  _L.  see  tartar 

valiantly 

tram         L"  violently 

turn 

n  valuable  . 

traitor.  J__see  tartar  See  available 

trinity. ..T.. see  eternity        very.^.see  over 
true.l see  dear  violent. S^!. .see  valiant 

truth..!.. see  dear  violently. >L. 

see  valiantly 
turn. l/7.- see  iram 

v^^v  vocation.  Ss^^3__ 

unavoidable..    .^_..see  g^  avocation 

inevitable         \ 

void  ..Si_-  see  avoid 
unceasing. -^) ...see  i    /T 

o< .  .  vrtliiKlo     VJ     \ 

'?  ??/*^^Sf/  )?  r  L4W1C 

see  available 
undated . .  JTlj. .  see  indebted 

weed    c     c 

understood .  _^^. . .          wood  "•' " 

see  interested  were. ^/ see  are 

undoubted..  ..see  indebted  where.-x^-see  are 


186 


whereat   /I      A 
whereto" 


wherein 
whereon  "' 

whereinto 
whereunto 


PHONOGRAPHY 

whereunto- 


woman 
women 


see  whereinto 


-•Vv 

wood  ..I.,  see  weed 


whereon.^ 

whereto  _</l_  see  whereat    yourself ..C... see  use 


young  man 
see  wherein  y°un£  men 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES 


Alabama 
Alaska.? 
Arizona  .TXj 
Arkansas 
California 


ria. ./_ 


Connecticut  - 


Georgia../. 

Guam_ 

Hawaii 

Idaho  - 

Illinois.  ^.  .  .  or.  _Yr? 

Indiana  .-vr?T^. 

Indian  Territory. 


V^V 

Iowa  ____  .. 


District  of 
Columbia 

Florida..?^ 


Kansas 
Kentucky  ^T 


Louisiana 

Maine --^72>_ - 

Mary  land  _/TV 

Massachusetts 

Michigan  __ 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri. 

Montana  . 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey A. 

New  Mexico 
New  York 
North  Carolina 
North  Dakota, 
Ohio_.' 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES 

Oklahoma-  .frr 
Oregon_.._T7? 

Pennsylvania . 

->,  Philippine 

T '  Islands 


187 


Porto  Rico^ 
Rhode  Island  . 


South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota,. 
Tennessee  _ 
Texas  ..Lo. 
Utah-.H-. 
Vermont  - 
Virginia.- 
Washington 
West  Virginia. 
Wisconsin  -_T^. 
Wyoming 


c 


CITIES 

Akron.  .TTT:.. 
Albany  _l(.__S^_ 

Allegheny.  !~~~^.. 

Allentown.. J._ 

Altoona.yq 

Asheville,^ 
Atchison.?.. 

Atlanta..: ... 

Atlantic  City-_brf__ 

V\.       >o 

Auburn. 

Augusta. 

Aurora. 

Austin.  _(i. 
J 

Baltimore. 
Bangor.^ 
Baton  Rouge ..\./4- 


AND  TOWNS 

Bayonne._\  — 
Binghamton.v 
Birmingham 
Bloomington. 
Boise  City 
Boston...  N__ 


Bridgeport.... 


Brockton. 


..^. 
.  "^ 


Brooklyn__«v___- 
Buffalo. 


Butte--— 
V 

Cambridge 


Camden 
Canton <L 


188 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS 


189 


Cedar  Rapids  -i/^-- 
Charleston  _  _.  _  A  . 

t 
Elizabeth  _yi-os._. 

Chattanooga 

Chelsea.^.. 
Chester..  6:. 
Chicago../.--  --•-_ 

Erie.^. 

Evansville  .  -^.^  .  . 
Fall  River..  /"^zx  - 

Q~%~^\ 
Cincinnati           ' 

t?\ 

Fitchburg  k 

Cleveland  c    L  ^ 

•£         i 
Fort  Wayne  x—    \^ 

i  • 
Columbus--..-_7\o  . 

Fort  Worth  -X-^V_- 

Concord.."^" 

( 
Galveston  °    ^* 

Covington  .  7T)s^^-. 

M 

Gloucester    • 

Dallas...!^ 

s^o 

Grand  Rapids  ^^ 

Davenport-.  b^.. 

Harrisburg  ^~^    — 

Dayton  ]' 

Hartford    ^ 

1 

Denver.-J"--- 

Des  Moines      5Z5 

Haverhill..."?^  _ 
Hoboken  .TTV    _,  . 

Detroit.,  t 

Ho]ynk^  jf^e> 

Dubuaue-J-- 

X 

Honolulu-.      ..jzL 

190                                        P 

Houston.^. 
Indianapolis.  _7\xT. 

HONOGRAPHY 

Los  Angeles         ' 

Louisville  ^s\^  or  _^L 

X"   ^       r 

Lowell  .6.. 
Lynn.^r?.. 
McKeesport 

Jackson  ^~^ 

Jacksonville  \^\. 

9      f 

Jersey  City.  /°. 

<r  A 
Johnstown    '  ^-P 

Manchester    .     ? 

Kalamazoo  cr^~X 

^ 

Kansas  City..  17^? 
Kingston  —  *—  ? 

Memphis  .  ^~^~\ix 

Milwaukee     ™  — 

j 
Knoxville          V 

Minneapolis 

Lancaster  (i 

Montgomery  _-^»_^r>.  . 
^       Montpelier  '\f~\ 

r^ 

Lawrence.  'N    . 

Leavenworth  /^V^^- 

Lexington  (   ^\). 

Narragansett  _..  ' 

Lincoln_^?m- 
Little  Rock    f 

Nashville.  _^_ 

Newark  ""-^X 

x-S^JV 

Long  Branch  .  /x  .  .  _  _v 

^rf.  .    New  Bedford  .  .^T^S  .  . 

CITIES 

New  Brunswick        \  

AND  TOWNS 

Pittsburgh  ______ 

Ne  wburgh  _  .  >^\_ 

K__ 

Portland  .V3 

Newcastle  .  .^r^jT.  _ 

Portsmouth  .  ^r^  - 
Poughkeepsie  v 

New  Haven  ____7Ao. 

New  Orleans.  ^r^T 

<   ^ 
Providence...  _i_.    ) 

Pueblo...^.. 
Quincy.5n?.. 
Racine     P~^ 

Newport  .  .  *^\^ 

New  York-_7T. 

Norfolk..       

Oakland  _.-=^r!- 
Omaha  s*-^^. 

Reading..  xl.^.. 
Richmond  —^4-  - 
Rochester.  ^  . 

Orange..^. 
Oshkosh    ^i.. 

Rockford    \ 

Sacramento           J 

P?l1~PT*^OTl        *^ 

Saginaw  . 

Pawtucket-X.. 
LL 
Peoria.XX. 

St.  Joseph  ..-7x 

St.  PauL—  ^. 
Salem  .1C.. 

Petersburg     \ 

o  *^v 
Philadelphia  .  Iw  _  >^~ 

191 


192                                        PHONOGRAPHY 

X  —  f                    L 

Salt  Lake  City  6         .         Tallahassee^'"^. 

San  Antonio  ._I^T   Irv^ 

Taunton-J- 
Terre  Haute  ._l-^_ 
Topeka      L. 

Q  ,j 

San  Dipgo          |_»  . 

San  Francisco  
San  Juan  ..„.. 

Trenton  .J^ 
n<    \) 
Troy...1... 

Savannah—  _^^r  . 

Schenectady           I 

Utica-^-... 
Washington^  <<—  ^_ 

n*     ' 

Scranton     !? 

Seattle..  ..:p. 
Sioux  City_.\. 

Waterbury  .    \  ^ 

Wheeling,  cv  
°>^^r 

Wilkes  Barre  .  -C7\--r  - 

f 

Somerville  .  _  <r^/\~ 

South  Bend..*.. 

\ 
Spokane  -7~Z3 

Williamsport-cva_ 

>^^s\ 

Wilmington  cv,, 

Springfield.  °v 

Woonsocket.  ^--^  - 
Worcester..  _.">- 
Yonkers  .Sr^T. 

Superior.  S^-X" 
Susquehanna  c^f~^' 

Syracuse.^.--. 

Youngstown  .  \j+  . 
f* 

V™\r           I  

READING   EXERCISES 


Short  Words  are  Best 


I -1 


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PHONOGRAPHY 


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SHORT  WORDS  ARE  BEST 


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PHONOGRAPHY 


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SHORT  WORDS  ARE  BEST  197 

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198 


PHONOGRAPHY 


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c  £    r  c  ^  i_    -N     - 
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200 


PHONOGRAPHY 


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201 


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202 


PHONOGRAPHY 


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E.   E.   HALE 


A 


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A  Talk  to  Young   Stenographers 


» — 1  /      I  <* 

18  ..... _77X^2_..v^9r^_A *^e.._. 

C 

^  /  -  ^  L 

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19  ... .i.^r^-.^^-f-.A-.x^ .'.. 

sJ?>.-A._ 


203 


204 


20  „.. 

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PHONOGRAPHY 


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21  . 


1..1.V 


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A  TALK  TO  YOUNG  STENOGRAPHERS  205 


22  . 


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23  ...,.... 


206 


PHONOGRAPHY 


24  .  ..:£_./„. 


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A  TALK  TO  YOUNG  STENOGRAPHERS  207 


27 


k 


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208 


28 


PHONOGRAPHY 


1 


..:..:2.....r.  /.. 
' 


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29..    .. 


1 

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A  TALK  TO  YOUNG  STENOGRAPHERS 


209 


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—^ o^>--__; ,^-p -XiX 

31  >~x  .  '  ..JO 

zo 

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PHONOGRAPHY 


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A  TALK  TO  YOUNG  STENOGRAPHERS  211 


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36  __.j 


212 


PHONOGRAPHY 


I  1  x 
^""C"  T~v^~ 

__L_.z!± 

..,._r__.___r.^___^ O 

_c..r_.H.  r-    v 

37    ....«-. 

^"^J->-C-V-^---? 

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A  TALK  TO  YOUNG  STENOGRAPHERS  213 


38  .  _„ 


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:-Lj. 

I  <^> 


39 


214 


PHONOGRAPHY 


40 


\        Lp 


41  . 


t--' 


k- 


IT 


7...X          .. 


-- 


Post   Offices   on   Wheels 


42 


^~s 
J 


k..r. 


\ 


43 


r 


215 


216 


£..: 


PHONOGRAPHY 


\ 


X 
J 


44 


POST  OFFICES  ON  WHEELS 


/.„..£..._< 

s-     V 


217 


( 


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i 


45 


^  3  ^  '  ^  \    i-  ^    "Is    *" 

"""  "" 


218 


PHONOGRAPHY 


46 


^ 


./  _.  _J_x 


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48  .. 


POST  OFFICES  ON  WHEELS 


219 


...«r^i..x._j». 


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49 


r 


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PHONOGRAPHY 


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jT---[r>--^^i-_.-.--^:_s,..v_?)---o- Tlo _n 

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POST  OFFICES  ON  WHEELS  221 


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..^..  . 


53        __U        ___v_. 


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222 


PHONOGRAPHY 


L.-.V 


54 . 


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5- 


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POST  OFFICES  ON  WHEELS 


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57  . 

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59 


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226 


PHONOGRAPHY 


61 


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.T_.-!...--^...A...^i— „_„- ...  _S*,-,V- 


WRITING  EXERCISE 
Post  Offices  on  Wheels 

(CONTINUED) 

62  The  "helper,"  as  he  empties  each  sack  on  the  distributing 
table,  arranges  the  packages  with  the  addresses  towards  the  sort- 
er.    This  is  called  "facing"  the  mail,  and  the  operation  of  placing 
it  into  the  pigeon-holes  is  known  as  "throwing."    Removing  the 
distributed  pieces  for  delivery  is  "tying  out,"  and  the  printed 
labels  attached  to  every  package  of  fifty  or  a  hundred  letters,  and 
which  the  sorter  stamps  with  his  name  and  official  designation,  so 
that  any  errors  in  separation  may  be  charged  against  him,  are 
called  "facing  slips." 

63  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  service  may  be  gained 
from  the  fact  that  the  Chicago  post  office  alone  serves  out  50,000 
of  these  slips  to  the  clerks  of  the  Sixth  Division  every  day.     It  is 
to  the  interest  of  every  clerk's  reputation  and  standing  to  see 
that  his  stint  is  performed  and  all  his  mail  properly  distributed, 
tied-out,  and  labeled  before  he  reaches  the  end  of  his  run.    The 
work  is  apportioned  so  that  each  member  of  a  crew  has  an  equal 
share. 

64  But  in  case  more  mail  is  received  than  can  be  handled,  a 
report  is  made  of  the  number  of  sacks  unworked  and  the  clerk  in 
charge  on  the  connecting  run  receives  a  memorandum  to  that 
effect.     This  official  gives  his  attention  first  to  his  own  regular 
work  and  then  to  that  in  arrears,  which  he  makes  a  strong  effort 
to  clean  up.  *  If  he  fails,  he  hands  a  slip  to  the  foreman  of  the 
crew  with  whom  he  connects,  and  if  the  run  of  the  latter  end  at  a 
terminal  point,  such  as  Chicago  or  Omaha,  on  the  through  line 
from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  he  and  his  force  are  bound  to 
distribute  every  letter  and  paper  before  they  leave  the  car. 

The  average  clerk  will  distribute  about  2,000  letters  or  ten 
sacks  of  150  pieces  an  hour,  which  means  that  he  will  read  33 
addresses  and  arrange  them  in  their  proper  order  every  minute. 

m 


228  PHONOGRAPHY 

65  Letters  are  more  easily  handled  than  papers,  being  lighter 
and  involving  less  physical  exertion ;  but  the  movements  of  the 
letter-sorter  are  cramped  and  in  the  end  prove  very  tiring.     The 
postal  clerk,  of  all  men,  has  to  cultivate  a  strong  digestion  and 
the  habit  of  sleeping  soundly  under  difficulties.     He  generally 
takes  his  meals  with  him  and  eats  them  cold  during  the  brief  in- 
tervals he  is  able  to  snatch  from  his  duties,  or  he  may  leave  the 
train  during  the  ten-minute  stops  at  way-stations  and  snatch  a 
hurried  repast. 

66  In  such  cases,  one  or  more  men  are  always  left  in  charge 
of  the  train,  to  guard  the  mails,  though  the  penalty  of  ten  years 
at  hard  labor  against  mail-robbers  and  the  incorruptibility  of 
Federal  juries  have  proved  effective  in  preventing  attempts  at 
theft.     Attacks  on  clerks  are  rare.     In  an  outlying  district  of 
Kentucky  the  solitary  agent  on  a  branch  road  was  recently  fired 
at  as  his  train  passed  a  lonely  spot,  and  his  life  has  since  been 
threatened.    He  has  not,  however,  asked  for  protection,  and  the 
Department  has  not  thought  the  danger  imminent  enough  to  re- 
lieve him. 

67  On  reaching  the  end  of  his  run,  the  clerk  is  required  to 
register  again.    The  rules  on  this  point  are  very  strict.    A  failure 
to  register,  even  though  the  work  were  executed,  would  involve  a 
loss  of  pay  for  the  trip,  unless  a  good  excuse  were  forthcoming, 
the  object  being  to  make  sure  that  the  full  run  has  been  performed. 
At  terminal  points  dormitories  for  the  railway  clerks  are  provided 
in  the  post  office  building,  and  to  these  they  repair  immediately  on 
arrival.   Their  names  are  registered,  with  the  hour  at  which  they 
wish  to  be  called,  and  a  watcher  is  in  attendance  to  wake  them. 
On  long  runs  they  are  frequently  compelled  to  sleep  in  the  cars, 
in  which  case  they  sleep  on  an  improvised  couch  of  empty  mail 
sacks.    Smoking  in  trains  or  the  use  of  cooking-stoves  is  not  per- 
mitted.   This  rule  is  rigidly  enforced  on  such  lines  as  the  New 
York  Central,  where  cars  have  been  burned  through  the  careless 
handling  of  lights. 

68  Strangers  are  also  forbidden  to  enter  the  postal  cars,  and 
those  admitted  on  passes  are  registered,  checked  and  reported  on 


POST  OFFICES  ON  WHEELS  229 

like  any  other  consignment  of  mail  matter.  The  regulation  re- 
quiring the  wearing  of  a  uniform  cap,  with  a  gilt  badge  bearing 
the  initial  letters  of  the  words  Railway  Mail  Service,  is  prac- 
tically a  dead  letter  and  will  probably  be  repealed,  since  the  cars 
are  generally  so  hot  that  all  superfluous  clothing  is  dispensed  with. 
Errors  are  charged  up  against  each  clerk,  and,  if  numerous,  are 
punishable  by  fine  or  otherwise. 

69  The  clerks  are  nearly  all  hard-working,  good-natured  and 
intelligent — full  of  anecdotes,  as  becomes  men  who  travel  some- 
times 90,000  or  100,000  miles  a  year,  and  whose  memory  for 
general  information  is  strengthened  by  the  severe  drill  to  which 
it  is  constantly  subjected  in  their  business.    Some  of  the  older 
hands  dispense  altogether  with  the  use  of  labels  on  their  cases 
(although  this  is  an  infringement  of  the  regulations),  and  intrep- 
idly perform  their  long  journeys  with  no  written  memoranda  of 
schedule  changes. 

70  A  fortnightly  magazine  is  published  in  their  interest. 
From  the  Washington  office  a  daily  bulletin  is  issued,  occupying 
one  and  sometimes  two  quarto  sheets,  giving  the  names  of  post 
offices  established,  changed,  or  discontinued,  general  orders,  rail- 
road extensions,  etc.     A  division  schedule  is  also  supplied  to  the 
men  once  a  week,  containing  the  time-tables  in  detail  of  the  dif- 
ferent railroad  post  offices  and  list  of  express  pouches,  and  calling 
special  attention  to  all  changes.     Clerks  in  charge  are  required  to 
notify  the  Division  Superintendent  of  all  changes  in  schedule  on 
their  lines.     Order-books  are  kept  of  all  points  where  clerks  regis- 
ter their  names.     But  the  document  which  most  interests  individ- 
ual members  of  the  force  is  the  little  half-sheet  of  case  examina- 
tions, containing   honorable    mention  of  those  who  during  the 
month  have  distinguished  themselves  in  correct  distributions  of 
the  test  cards. 

71  It  is  the  service  roll  of  honor,  and  involves  the  same  dis- 
tinction as  among  soldiers  is  conferred  by  mention  in  despatches. 
The  General  Superintendent  further  gratifies  those  highest  on  the 
list  by  a  personal  letter  of  congratulation.    The  oldest  clerk, 
now  well  on  in  the  sixties,  runs  between  Cleveland  and  Toledo  in 


230  PHONOGRAPHY 

connection  with  the  New  York  and  Chicago  Railroad  Post  office. 
When  first  appointed,  he  had  entire  charge  of  the  baggage,  mail, 
and  express  between  Buffalo  and  Toledo,  and  attended  to  all  the 
business  himself. 

72  There  now  are  nine  carloads  of  mail  alone  passing  over 
the  same  road  every  day,  and  these  give  employment  to  a  large 
force  of  clerks.    The  heaviest  postal  route  on  any  railroad  in  the 
world  is  over  the  New  York  Central.    A  train  leaves  every  morn- 
ing at  4:35,  carrying  the  daily  papers  from  New  York  to  Buffalo. 
A  local  train,  leaving  at  8:30,  drops  the  mails  at  stations  between 
those  points.     At  8:50  a  fast  train  starts  with  two  sixty-foot 
postal  cars  containing  mail  for  the  Western  States. 

73  Again,  at  9  P.  M.,  there  is  the  west-bound  flyer  which 
makes  the  connections  for  California.     A  crew  of  sixteen  clerks 
accompanies  it  as  far  as  Syracuse.    There  they  are  relieved  by 
twelve  others,  who,  at  Cleveland,  give  place  to  ten  more.     The 
train  reaches  Chicago  in  twenty-seven  hours,  forty-five  minutes, 
and  is  the  heaviest  mail  carrier  in  the  world.     The  east-bound 
fast  mail,  leaving  Chicago  over  the  same  line  every  morning, 
makes  the  run  to  New  York  in  twenty-five  hours,  thirty-five  min- 
utes, and  by  the  time  it  arrives  every  letter  is  sorted  for  delivery 
to  the  different  city  stations.     A  few  large  firms  and  corporations 
in  New  York  have  secured  the  privilege  of  a  special  separation. 

74  The  quantity  of  letters  traveling  East  and  West  from  day 
to  day  is  about  the  same,  though,  as  the  great  publishing  centers 
are  all  in  the  East,  the  paper  mail  westward  is  naturally  much 
heavier.     Postal  cars  vary  in  length  from  forty  to  sixty  feet,  and 
are  named  after  prominent  statesmen  or  postal  officials.    Former- 
ly they  were  all  painted  white,  but  they  needed  scrubbing  so 
often  that  the  railroads  are  now  allowed  to  color  them  the  same 
as  their  other  cars  ;  396  mail  cars  are  in  use  in  the  service,  with 
94  in  reserve  ;  also  1,680  apartment  cars,  with  a  reserve  of  485, 
making  a  total  of  2,655. 

75  The  difficulties  railway  clerks  encounter  in  disposing  of 
letters  are  akin  to  those  of  the  ordinary  postal  officials.     Women 


POST  OFFICES  ON  WHEELS  231 

who  mark  letters  "in  haste,"  and  leave  out  the  name  of  the  town 
for  which  they  are  intended,  and  cranks  who  write  addresses  in 
rime,  or  experiment  with  white  ink  on  black  paper,  furnish  only 
a  part  of  their  trials.  A  letter  was  recently  handled  on  the  Lake 
Shore  road  bearing  this  rebus-like  superscription  : 

Wood 
J 

Mass 

76  Every  clerk  of  course  prides  himself  on  being  a  better 
guesser  than  his  neighbor,  but  it  was  only  after  a  series  of  profane 
explosions  that  the  champion  guesser  in  the  service  correctly  in- 
terpreted this  to  mean,   "J.  Underwood,  Andover,  Mass."     A 
correspondent  of  a  Chicago  grocery  firm  was  evidently  in  posses- 
sion of  their  business  card,  for  this  is  what  he  wrote  on  an  en- 
velope : 

J.  Smith.        J.  Smith  &  Co.        E.  Smith. 

Fine  Groceries  a  specialty. 

Superior  brands  of  California  wines. 

Our  representative  will  call  on  you  shortly. 

Chicago. 

77  General  Superintendent  Bell  is  one  of  the  most  popular 
members  of  the  service.     His  compact,  sturdy  figure,  round  face, 
bright  eyes,  and  spectacles  are  well  known  on  several  thousand 
miles  of  mail  route,  and  his  untiring  energy  and  genuine  personal 
interest  in  the  work  stimulate  all  with  whom  he  comes  in  contact. 
Mr.  Bell  was  born  at  Reading,  Penn.,  about  fifty  years  ago,  and 
mingles  a  Teutonic  strain  with  his  Scotch-Irish  blood. 


INDEX 

PAGE 

Alphabet,  Phonographic 7-8 

"An  Inconsequent  History" 149-153 

Brief  Signs  for  W,  Y,  H,  N,  "ing,"  "ings" 52 

Brief  Signs,  Phrasing  by 128 

Consonants 7-8 

Circles  and  Loops 42,  109 

Cities  and  Towns 188-192 

Contractions— List  of  Word  Signs  and 138 

Diphthongs 10 

Et  cetera,  and  &c 97 

Final  Hooks 74,  120 

Fourth  Position 131 

Halving 30,  104 

Helpful  Phrases 159-160 

H— Brief ....  53 

Hooks— Initial . 58,115 

"    —Final 74,120 

"Ing"— Brief 53-  54 

"Ings"— Brief 54 

Initial  Hooks 58,  115 

Joining  Consonant  Stems 18 

Key  to  "An  Inconsequent  History" 154-157 

L,  R,  SH-How  to  Write 23 

Legal  Words  and  Phrases 161-167 

Lengthening 37,  104 

Loops  and  Circles 42,  109 

N  curl— Brief 52,  121 

Negatives 68 

232 


INDEX 

PAGE 

Outlines  Distinguished 168-186 

Punctuation  Marks 14 

Prefixes  and  Suffixes 88 

Phrasing— Simple  Form  of 98 

"      —By  Halving 104 

"      —  "  Lengthening 104 

"       -  "  Circles  and  Loops 109 

"      —  "  Initial  Hooks 115 

"       -"  Final  Hooks  and  Curls 120 

"      —  "  Ticks  and  Brief  Signs 128 

"       -"  Fourth  Position 131 

"      —Helpful  Phrases 159-160 

Proper  Names - 158 

R,  L,  and  SH— How  to  Write 23 

SH,  L,  and  R—    "    "      "    23 

Special  Vocalization 67 

Suffixes  and  Prefixes 88 

States  and  Territories 186-187 

Ticks 14,  128 

Vowels 10 

W— Brief 52,  130 

Y-    "    52,131 

Word  Signs  and  Contractions 138-149 


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